Interpretation of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching

Chapter 2

[Tao, Ke Dao, very Tao; Name, Ke Ming, very famous. 】

Yu Zhengxie said: Laozi's second language, "Tao" and "name", is different from his other words "Tao" and "name".Wenzi Jingcheng said: "The name can be named, but it is very famous; it is rough to write on bamboo and silk, and to engrave it on gold and stone." So it is said. Therefore, the name can be named, and it is very famous." Shang Li said: "The law of the former king has changed, so it is called 'name can be named, very famous'." No one in the world knows how valuable it is without saying it. Therefore, the Tao can be said, but it is very Tao; Unavoidable confusion." Miao Cheng said in the training cloud: "Tao has chapters and chapters, but it is not the ultimate one." Dao Ying said: "Huan Gong was studying in the hall, and Lun Bian said: 'Only the dross is in the ear.' Therefore Lao Tzu said: 'Tao can be Tao, but it is very Tao; name can be named, but it is very famous.'" They all use Lao Tzu's "Tao" as words, and "name" as words.

Qian's case: Yu said yes.Lao Tzu wrote five thousand articles, and here is the first release of his purpose.Those who cover "Tao" are the general name of change.Migration with time, changes in response to things, although there are changes, there are also things that are not easy, this is called constant.Since the past, it has been unspeakable to solve the flow of the elderly.Gao You wrote in Huainan's general theory and training, saying: "Often Tao, words are deep and dark, and they cannot be said."In fact, Lao Tzu's book, if you don't think it is useful, if you have it for profit, it must be said.It is said that "beautiful words", "words have a king", "right words are contrary", and "my words are easy to understand and easy to act" are all words, and they can all be said and named.Self-explaining old people tend to be one-sided, and take "constant" as the meaning of invariability and difficulty. If the Tao can be named, there will be change and change. If the Tao cannot be named, there will be no change and no change (Lin Xiyi). Yes; the name that can be named is the name that cannot be named.I don't know what Lao Dan calls Dao, which is changeable and unchanging, and flows around the six voids. There is neither a permanent Tao nor a permanent name.Therefore, in this world, there is no permanent mind, "take the heart of the people as the heart" (Chapter 49).Responding to things in this way, "build it so that there is always nothing" (Zhuangzi Tianxia Chapter), it is said that there is always nothing and there is always.It is not the main reason, so it is called extraordinary.There is always something and there is nothing, so it is called "returning life to the daily life" (Chapter 55), "knowledge and harmony to the daily life" (Chapter [-]), and the constant is the extraordinary.Fudan is bright and night is dark, death is born and life is born, and the time is smooth, and it goes with the time. Zhuangzi said: "Death and life also have the 'permanence' of Yedan, and the sky." The way of heaven and earth is eternal and endless. Four seasons change, but can last for a long time.If it is immutable and cannot be changed, then is there a so-called constant?Therefore, it is said that "Tao can be Tao, and it is very Tao"; "The name can be named, but it is very famous".

[No name, the beginning of heaven and earth; name, the mother of all things. 】

Yan Kejun said: "No name", each book is "Nothing", and all the next ones are here. "The beginning of heaven and earth", the imperial note is the same.Heshang and Wang Bi wrote "the beginning of heaven and earth", and the next sentence also has the word "Zhi".

Wei Jiasun said: "Strict school said: "Every book is written as 'no', and everyone will put it here." After that, there is a line of "doing nothing", and the school language is the same.According to the engravings, all Taoism scriptures are written as "nothing"; "nothing" is used before the German classics, and "nothing" is written below "xingwuxing".This article should say "the Taoist scriptures are put here".

Luo Zhenyu said: "Wu" in the Jinglong edition and the Dunhuang edition are all written as "wu", and the following are the same, and the imperial annotated stone edition is written as "wu".In addition, Jinglong, Yuzhu, and Dunhuang all have the word "Zhi" in it, and the Heshang edition has it.

The Case of Modesty: The second week of the classic commentary volume Yiyin Yiyun: "'wu' has no sound, and it is used as this character in Yinei. Shuowen said: 'The odd word Wuye, which communicates with Yuan, is the way of emptiness. Wang Yu said that Tianqu There is nothing in the northwest.'" It is commonly known as "旡", no.The sound of 旡 is cum, and the words "口" follow it.Laozi's "nothing" is the same as Yi.Also Wang Bi, Fu Yi, and Fan Yingyuan all have the word "Zhi".Template "ten thousand" as "ten thousand". "The beginning of the world without a name", the biography of Shi Ji Ji Ji as "the nameless one is the beginning of all things".Wang Bi's note: "Everything begins with nothing, so when it has no form and no name, it is the beginning of all things." It seems that both sentences are "all things", but they are not.The word "beginning" and "mother" in the case have different meanings.Said the text: "beginning, the beginning of a woman." "Mother" is "like the shape of a pregnant child, and it is also called a breast."In this way, the two realms of the famous and the unnamed are distinguished, which is meaningful.Covering the world before birth, it is chaotic, just like the beginning of a young girl, simple and innocent.Chapter 25 of the scriptures: "There is a mixture of things, and the heaven and the earth are born." Chapter 42: "Being is born from nothing." This is the beginning of the unknown world. "Everything in the world is born of existence", and there is endless life; Chapter [-]: "Tao gives birth to one, one gives birth to two, two gives birth to three, and three gives birth to all things." This is also known as the mother of all things.And Zhuangzi's theory of "equality of all things" that "heaven and earth coexist with me, and all things are one with me", is also a relative term for "heaven and earth" and "all things".

【Often nothing, if you want to see its beauty; if there is always, you want to see its beauty. 】

Fan Yingyuan said: In the ancient version, there is the word "Gu" on the "Changwu" of Binghe Shanggong, Wang Bi, Li Ruoyu, and Zhang Junxiang.He also quotes Yin Bianyun: "There is always nothing, there is always, cooperate to break sentences."

Wang Yinglin said: The first chapter uses the words "you" and "wu" to break the sentence, which begins with Wang Jiefu.

Yan Kejun said: "The imperial notes are the same." On "Guan", Heshang and Wang Bi have the word "Yi", and the next sentence is also the same.

Luo Zhenyu said: None of the three Dunhuang editions have the word "Gu" and the second "Yi".Also "徼", Dunhuang's original work is "曒".

Yu Yue said: According to the stele of Tao Te Ching engraved in the second year of Tang Jinglong in Yizhou, there are no two words "Yi", so you should follow it.Sima Wengong and Wang Jinggong combined the quatrains with the word "no", and they should also follow it.

Yi Shunding said: According to Zhuangzi's article on the world: "Lao Dan heard the wind and liked it, and built it on the basis of Chang Wuyou." Often have" is a sentence, it has been done since Zhuangzi.

Qian's case: Yuzhu, Xingxuan, Jingfu, Qingyang, Louzheng, Funxi, Gu Huan, Peng Si, and Gao Chong all have no "gu" character. "徼", Fu, model version and tablet version are the same, it is appropriate to use "曒" from the Dunhuang version.In the fourteenth chapter, "the top is not shady", Jing Long's version is also written as "曒", yes.Volume 84 of all scriptures and meanings quotes: "Say the text '徼' as 'Xun Ye' to cover it up." It is meaningless here that there is a cover for it.Volume 79 and Volume 83 quotes: "Said the text '曒' from the day, the sound of the mouth, and the second Xu did not." Tian Qian said: "The case Huilin cited Pi Cang'Ming Ye', and the rhyme would say 'Ming Ye', not yet. Published. The poem "is like the sun", and the poem says: "曒, the light." The ancient texts used the word "曒", and later generations may borrow "Jiao". "Jiao", the white of the moon, poetry' The moon rises brightly' is also. Or borrow '皦', 皦, the whiteness of white jade, and the Analects of Confucius '皦ru' is also true. The meaning of each word has its own meaning, '曒' in 'like 曒日', 碻 follows the sun, not from the sun It’s white.” (Volume [-] of all scriptures’ pronunciation and meaning quotations and notes) The scriptures “There is always nothing to see its beauty.” The wonderful one is called subtlety, as Xun Yue Shen Jian said: “The subtlety of reason is also wonderful.” “There is often Look at its "曒", "曒", the meaning of light, and "miao" are in antithesis, meaning that the reason is obvious and it is called "曒".

【These two come from the same name but have different names,】

The case of modesty: Chen Jingyuan's collection of micro-pian uses "these two are the same" as a sentence.Yan Fu said: "The same word makes fun, and everything comes from the same." But "same origin" and "different name" are antithetical texts, and should not be used to break sentences with the word "same".And Jiang Xichang said: "'These two are the same'. There are twelve characters in the following, and there is no model."And forty chapters "everything in the world is born from being, and being is born from non-existence", the two cover refers to being and non-being.There are no different names, but Dao Tong is one.

[The same is called Xuan, Xuan is also Xuan, the door of all wonders. 】

Qian’s case: The word “Xuan” was changed to “Yuan” in the Jiyutang Stele Records to avoid taboos of the Qing emperors, and it should be corrected according to the original stele.Follow the example below.Gai Huaxia's sages talked about the universe in one breath, and said that its changes are unpredictable, which is called xuan.Extremely unpredictable, it can create the world, transform and nurture all things, and be the source of all things in the world.Kites fly and fish leap, mountains stand and rivers flow, so it is called "the gate of all wonders".Zhang Heng said: "Mystery is invisible, it is the root of nature; it was created in Taishi, and nothing can be the first; it contains morality, and it conceals the universe; the key is the vitality, and the endowment is invisible." (Yulan Yinxuan Tu) Yang Xiong said : "Mysterious ones are those who spread out all kinds of things without seeing the shape." (Taixuan Jing Xuantan Picture) The meaning comes from this.

[Phonetic Rhyme] Li Daochun said: "There are many rhymes in the words of this scripture." Deng Tingzhen said: "There are many rhymes in the texts of all scholars, but Lao Tzu is the only one who keeps secrets; apart from Yi and poetry, this is the oldest." Liu Shipei said: "If you want to For archaeological rhyme, the ancient books with rhyme in the Zhou Dynasty must be examined; and the books of the Zhou Dynasty, which only use rhyme, except for the Book of Changes and Li Sao, are no more than Lao Tzu.” Today’s test focuses on Jiang Yougao’s rhyme reading of Lao Zi, see It is complemented by the rhyme of Wu Fu, Gu Yanwu's Tang Yunzheng, Jiang Yong's ancient rhyme standard, Yao Wentian's ancient harmony, Deng Tingzhen's Shuangyanzhai Notes (Volume [-]), Li Gengyun's Bingzhu Compilation, to seek the ancient rhyme of the scriptures, and to search for words.Also Liu Shipei, Xi Tong, Chen Zhu and Gao Benhan’s Laozi rhyme test (Bernhard Karlgren: Thepoeticalparts in Lao-Tsi) said that Laozi’s ancient pronunciation has a lot of sayings, and there are some good ones. I attach my own opinions, and then I know that the five thousand words are harmonious and rhythmic, which is remarkable. Into a chapter.If the rhyme is clear, then the beauty of his philosophical poems can be known.The following is described in chapters.This chapter reads Jiang’s rhyme: Dao, Dao rhyme (youbu), name, name rhyme (gengbu), beginning and mother rhyme (zhibu, mother, full to reverse), Miao and yu rhyme (xiaobu, ji, go Sound), Xuan, Menyun (Wen, Zhentong rhyme, Xuan, Hu Junfan).Qian's case: "Xuan", Zhenbu, "Men", Wenbu, Wen and Zhen rhyme.Yao Wentian: Xuan, Xuan, Men Yun, Yu Tong.And Gao Benhan: Same, named rhyme, not.Deng Tingzhen: Dao, Dao, name, name, no rhyme, neither.

The Youjinglong stele version has 54 characters, which is the same as the Dunhuang version.He Shangben (Song edition), Wang Biben (Guyi series of books), Fu Yi (Jingxuntang edition), Fan Yingyuan (continuation of Guyi series of books) and 59 characters.Yan Kejun said: "There is an empty word at the bottom of the sentence of 'The Gate of All Wonders', so it is divided into chapters, and the imperial notes are not empty. In front of 'Dao Ke Dao', Heshang inscribed 'Taking Dao first', and Wang Bi inscribed 'Chapter One'. Here There are no titles, and all the next ones are here." In this case, Laozi wrote two chapters in the book, and later generations have divided them into chapters, which are divided into 55, 64, 68, 72, and 81. Although the stele does not record the number of chapters, each chapter They are all empty and one grid to distinguish them. They are similar to the chapters of the Heshang, Wang Bi, Fu, and Fan families. Today, the chapters passed down by the other families shall prevail.And the title of this chapter template is "Dao Ke Dao Zhang No. [-]".

(End of this chapter)