Interpretation of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching

Chapter 1

1916年入读北京大学哲学系。1921年在杭州兜率寺修佛学。1923年任厦门大学讲师。1924年-1928年客居杭州西湖，潜心著述。1929年东赴日本，研究哲学。

1932年回国。1932年-1951年，历任广州中山大学教授、中山大学哲学系主任、历史系主任、文学院院长、文学研究院院长。1952年任北京大学哲学系教授。1964年任中国科学院哲学社会科学部研究员。

Zhu Qianzhi's major works include "The Influence of Chinese Philosophy on Europe", "Chinese Nestorianism", etc.
Both of his parents died when he was young, and he was raised by his aunt.At the beginning of the Republic of China, he studied in the Provincial No. 17 Middle School and was familiar with classics and history. He compiled "Ancient History of China" and published pamphlets such as "On Worship of Heroes", so he was well-known in the village. Graduated from middle school at the age of 1, and was admitted to Beijing Higher Normal School (the predecessor of Beijing Normal University) with No.[-] in the province.After Zhu Yanzhi arrived in Beijing, he changed to Peking University to study in the law preparatory department. After two years, he transferred to the Department of Philosophy of Peking University to study until he graduated.At that time, Peking University was presided over by Cai Yuanpei, and the academic atmosphere was relatively free, and Zhu Qianzhi was deeply influenced.He is active in thinking, concerned about the future of the country, and studies hard.Lay a solid foundation.In addition to listening to famous teachers, he read Chinese and foreign philosophy and culture books, so that Li Dazhao, the director of the library at the time, worried that Zhu Qianzhi would run out of Du Ke's books in the library.Snow recorded in "A Journey to the West" that Mao Zedong once said when he was a library assistant at Peking University: "I often discussed anarchism and its possibility in China with a Peking University student named Zhu Qianzhi. "Zhu Zaifa expected to publish "A General Introduction to the Studies of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties", "Tai Chi New Illustrations" and so on.

With the rise of the "May 1919th" Movement in 1920, Zhu Qianzhi participated in the demonstrations of Beijing students full of emotion, and participated in the editorial work of the influential "Peking University Student Weekly" and the "Struggle" magazine that promoted anarchism.He wrote articles criticizing the current ills, and put forward various proposals for reforming society and education.He believes that studying is for learning, he doesn't want a diploma, and he doesn't even take the graduation exam.He posted a big-character poster for the first time at Peking University, demanding the abolition of the examination system and so on. In 1920, when our country commemorated the "May [-]st" Labor Day on a large scale for the first time, Zhu Qianzhi published the "Congratulations on Labor Day" in the "Peking University Student Weekly", and for the first time put forward the slogan of "sacred working people" and advocated "recovering everything that is owned by the society". ", "The workers must directly manage the factory. "In [-], Zhu Qianzhi was arrested by the warlord authorities for distributing revolutionary leaflets, and was imprisoned for more than a hundred days. He was released after being rescued by the Beijing student assembly and supported by all parts of the country. [-]) A book full of skepticism and nihilism about the ideals of youth.

After his ideals hit a wall many times in reality, he imagined transforming society by transforming people's hearts, so he turned to Buddhism. In 1921, Zhu Qianzhi left Beijing and went south to become a monk from Master Taixu at Douchuan Temple in Hangzhou. Later, he went to Nanjing China Inner College to seek advice from the famous Buddhist scholar Ouyang Jingtian.After becoming a monk, he believed that the Sangha and Buddhism could not realize his wish, so he published the poem "Anti-religion", announcing that he would sever ties with Buddhism.Afterwards, he traveled back and forth between Beijing, Shanghai, and Hangzhou, and escaped between the rivers and lakes, living a life of "a wandering background, a light life, and a proud romantic life".At this time, he published "Wuyuan Philosophy" and "Zhouyi Philosophy", abandoning the nihilistic thought of the past, and declared that the universe and life are the flow of true feelings, and that true life can be realized in the world.

In 1934, Zhu Qianzhi was invited by Xiamen University.Take up a teaching position.He wrote "Literature History of Music" in Xiamen University, which was later expanded into "History of Chinese Music Literature", which was well received both at home and abroad. Book). In 1989, Zhu Qianzhi resigned from his teaching position at Xiamen University and lived in seclusion at the foot of Geling Mountain in West Lake: the door is opposite the former residence of Song Dynasty poet Lin Fu (He Jing), and devoted himself to writing books and writing stories.He published the famous "Philosophy of History"; wrote "Communism of Great Harmony", "National Revolution and Great Harmony of the World", "Road to Great Harmony", etc., and advocated Confucian utopian political and social ideals , pin their hopes on the leftists of the Kuomintang headed by Sun Yat-sen.He went to Guangzhou, served as a political instructor at the Whampoa Military Academy, and was engaged in the workers' and peasants' revolutionary movement. He delivered speeches many times, calling for "agricultural-industrial alliance" and advocating revolution.

In 1928, shortly after Zhu returned to Hangzhou, his wife Yang Meilei died of illness, which dealt a heavy blow to him. Then he went to Guangzhou and Shanghai to discuss poetry and Fu with Hu Yepin, Ding Ling, Shen Congwen, etc., and express his affection for pen and ink. 1929.Zhu Qianzhi was sponsored by the Academia Sinica to study in Japan for two years, concentrating on the study of history and philosophy.In Japan, he came into contact with Marx's dialectical materialism and historical objectism for the first time, and he studied Marxism as a social theory. After returning to China in 1931, he served as a professor of Jinan University.He edited the "Philosophy of History" series at JNU, and wrote "Hegelianism and Comteism" and "Outline of Historical Philosophy" for the series. From 1932 to the liberation of Guangzhou.Zhu Qianzhi has been working as a professor at Sun Yat-sen University.He has successively served as the head of the Department of History, the head of the Department of Philosophy, the dean of the Faculty of Arts, the director of the Liberal Arts Research Institute of the Academy, and the head of the Department of History.

This period was the peak of his academic career, and he wrote a large number of works, the important ones are: "Outline of Philosophy of History", "Philosophy of Culture", "Comte's Philosophy of History", "Hegel's Philosophy of History", "Chinese Philosophy of History" The Influence of Thought on European Culture", "Research on the Fusang Kingdom", "Cultural History of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution" and so on. In 1935, he married his student He Jiangyun.During the Anti-Japanese War, he went through all kinds of hardships and dangers.Always be diligent.In order to meet the needs of the Anti-Japanese War, he vigorously advocated the "Southern Cultural Movement" and the "Modern Literature Movement"; he funded the preparation of "Modern Historiography" to promote the "examination of the present" work in historical research.

In October 1949, Guangzhou was liberated.He actively participated in various political and teaching activities at Sun Yat-sen University. After the adjustment of national departments in 0, he returned to his alma mater, Peking University, as a professor, engaged in the teaching and research of the history of Chinese philosophy. From 1952 to 1952, he successively completed "Teaching Outline of Dialectical Materialism and Historical Difficulty Theory", "Compendium of Chinese Philosophy History", "Science of History of Chinese Philosophy History", "Lao Tzu's Philosophy", "Lao Yu School Explanation", " Li He", "The Influence of Chinese Philosophy on Europe", "The Influence of Ancient Chinese Melody on Greece", "A Study of Wang Chong's Writings", "The New Collection of Benzheng" and dozens of theses.

After 1958.Transfer to the research of Eastern philosophy, train graduate students and young scholars.Since then, he has successively published works such as "History of Japanese Philosophy", "Japanese Zhu Zixue", "Japanese Ancient Studies and Yangming Studies", "Newly Edited Zhu Shunshui Collection", Selected Materials on the History of Japanese Philosophy (Ancient and Tokugawa Sections)" and other works. ．He also published important papers such as "Kukai and Chinese Literature". From 1964 to 1970, Zhu Qianzhi was transferred to be a researcher at the Institute of World Religions, Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and devoted himself to the study of religion. Translated "Chinese Shan School Thought History" and "Korean Zen History" and so on. In 1972, he died of a sudden cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 73.

Zhu Qian's life has left a large amount of precious cultural heritage for future generations: 42 monographs, 2 translations, and more than 100 papers.His works cover various fields such as history, philosophy, literature, music, drama, archaeology, religion, politics, economy, and Sino-foreign cultural relations. etc.), therefore, people praised him as an encyclopedic examination.The famous scholar Wang Yanan once said: "Mr. Zhu has a very strong sense of the times, and his collection is rich, his research is exquisite, his research is extensive, he reads his books, and knows his life test, all of which are praised." Extremely hardworking and very rigorous in his studies.He is not only well-read, but also good at using his brain and hands. He often draws circles and excerpts with a Chinese ink pen when reading.When starting to write a book, you must first list the reading and reference bibliography. For example, when writing "History of Japanese Philosophy", the bibliography listed reached more than 30 printed sheets; and the French Revolution" contains 190 quotations and notes.You can see his hard work!The preface of "Lao Yu Xiao Shi" written by him has gorgeous rhetoric, antithesis of chapters and sentences, and appropriate use of allusions, which is beyond the reach of ci scholars.

Zhu Qianzhi's academic attainments have long been judged by the academic circles.His research on the history of Chinese philosophy, the history of Sino-foreign relations, and Eastern philosophy is particularly outstanding and has contributed the most.He has systematic knowledge of all stages of the history of Chinese philosophy.He has in-depth research on the pre-Qin philosophers and modern enlightenment thinkers.His systematic understanding of the history of Chinese philosophy is summarized in his book "A Compendium of the History of Chinese Philosophy"

(6 volumes of the bound manuscript, about 200 million words) and "Historical Materials of the History of Chinese Philosophy" (9 volumes of the third part of the General Theory).He was one of the first in the philosophy history of Zhizhongwei to pay attention to the philosophical treasures of ethnic minorities: he also paid attention to the spread of Chinese philosophy in the Chinese language circle and the influence of the West.In 1918, he published "A General Review of Zhou Qin Nuozi Studies", which was the first to organize the history of early Chinese philosophy with new perspectives, and it has important historical significance.He has specialized works on Confucius, Lao Yu and Zhuangzi. "Lao Yu Xiao Shi" has recruited a lot of data in various editions, so it was unanimously recommended as the best research at the World Conference of Sinologists held in Moscow and given an honorary award: his book "Li Zhi" is well-received in domestic academic circles. Also received good reviews.Zhu Qianzhi has made special contributions in historical research, especially in the study of the history of Sino-foreign relations, and has won national honors.Guo Moruo once said that Zhu Qianzhi and Professor Xiang Da are the most outstanding scholars in the history of communication between my country and foreign countries.His representative works are "The Influence of Chinese Philosophy on Europe", "The Influence of Ancient Chinese Melody on Greece", "Research on Fusang Country", "Research on the Discovery of America by Chinese Monks 1000 BC", "Chinese Nestorianism" and so on. After 1958, Zhu Qianzhi turned to the research and teaching of Eastern philosophy. He led a group of young researchers and graduate students from Korea and the Czech Republic, and successively published "History of Japanese Philosophy", "Japanese Zhu Zixue", "Japanese Ancient Studies Yangming Studies", "Selected Subjects of the History of Japanese Philosophy" (Ancient Section and Tokugawa Section).In addition, he also assisted North Korean students to complete "The Influence of Cheng Zhu Confucianism on North Korea" in "History of Korean Philosophy", and translated "History of Korean Zen Thought".In the above research, he unearthed many precious documents and materials that have been lost in Japan and Korea but are still preserved in our country.His pioneering research has attracted the attention of academic circles at home and abroad. Both the former Soviet Union and Japan have proposed to co-edit the history of Japanese philosophy with my country. The Vietnam Academy of Sciences will send people to learn from Zhu Qianzhi, hoping to assist them in completing the "History of Vietnamese Philosophy" Wait.His research results are outstanding, opening up the way for the study of oriental philosophy in our country.

(Huang Xinchuan)

(Tao Te Ching Stele of Longxing Temple in Yizhou, Tang Dynasty)

Qian Daxin said: In Anhe Shanggong's annotated edition, the following volume of "Tao Ke Dao" is the first volume of the Taoism, and the following volume of "Superior Virtue is Not Virtuous" is the second volume of the Classic of Virtue.Chao Shuozhi's postscript and Wang Bi's annotations say that it does not analyze morality but goes up and down, which is still close to ancient times.I don't know that the commentary written by Lu Deming is using the supplementary version, which is titled "Tao Jing Volume [-]" and "De Jing Volume [-]", which is the same as the Heshang version.What Chao saw was the original transcribed in the Song Dynasty, and it has not been tested for modern times.There are five stone inscriptions of the Tao Te Ching in the Yujia collection, but the Ming Emperor's Annotated Edition and this one are divided into two parts, the Tao Te Ching and the Te Ching.But this version was engraved in the early Tang Dynasty, and the words and sentences are quite different from his.For example, "wu" becomes "wu", "yu" becomes "yu", "yun" becomes "cloud", "yu" becomes "yu", "huang" becomes "busy", "zuo" becomes "zuo", " "口" is used as "xi" and the like, all from ancient characters.Another example is "so it can cover up new things", and Shiben wrote "it can cover up new things". "Where the teacher is, thorns grow", there is no such sentence as "after the army, there must be a bad year". Under the words "the general is on the right", there is no sentence in Shiben that "the words should be treated with funeral rites". "Wu Wei is sick, because he is not sick; saints are not sick, because he is sick, because he is not sick", Shi Ben Dan said: "It is because saints are not sick, because he is sick, because he is not sick." All of them are far better than his original ones. Let’s talk about one or two to see how precious the ancient stone carvings are.Wu Yi said: It is divided into the upper volume of Laozi's Dao Jing volume and the lower volume of De Jing volume, which is also similar to the ancient version.

Later Lu Fangweng's inscription reads: "Chao Yidao said that Wang Fu's father said: 'The Tao Te Ching does not analyze morality but goes up and down, which is still close to ancient times.' Now this version has been separated for a long time."Today's Xing's Analects of Confucius quoted Lao Tzu's De Jing saying: "The sky net is restored, and it is sparse but not lost." This is one of its signs.However, we also examine the annotations of Han Shu, such as Yan’s Biography of Wei Bao, quoting Lao Tzu’s Dao Jing, saying: “There are loyal ministers in a country that is confused.” The king of Yihou said that he is lonely, widowed, and has no crops." The King of Chu and Yuan quoted Lao Tzu's De Jing saying: "Conscientiousness is not humiliated." Yan Zhu biography: Lao Tzu's so-called "Where a teacher is, thorns grow."Shi Gu said: "The words of Lao Tzu's Taoist scriptures are also." Yang Xiong said, "Those who know me are precious."The cruel official said that the old man said, "If you are not virtuous, you are virtuous; if you are not virtuous, you are not virtuous. Laws and regulations are rich, and there are many thieves."Shigu said: "The words of Laozi's Taoism." "The corporal laughed when he heard the Tao."

Biography of the Western Regions: Lao Tzu's Te Ching said, "There is a way in the world, but a horse is considered dung".This is the case for the ones cited by Gai Qi who divide the chapters into Tao and De, and merge with those with the titles of "Tao Jing Yinyi" and "De Jing Yin Yi".In addition, Jia Gongyan and Zhou Lishi's family were sparse, and they also thought that Lao Tzu's Dao Jing said: "Tao can be said, but it is very Dao." The following case of De Jing said: "The highest virtue is not virtue, so there is virtue." Prince Zhang Huai annotated the Later Han Book, the In the biography of Zhai Mou, it is also said that Laozi Daojing said: "Fish can't escape from the spring." (The stele of Meng Zhenke: "Jizhi's Daojing is treasured by compassion.") It must be inherited from the old editions of the Jin and Song Dynasties.

Wang Chang said: The title of the first volume of the stele is "Lao Tzu's Taoist Classic", and the lower volume is titled "Lao Tzu's Virtue Classic".Dong Jiong's collection of books says that "Xuanzong's annotations were completed, and the chapters and sentences were changed to the Tao Te Ching. Those who talk about Taoism are classified as the first volume, and those who talk about virtue are classified as the lower volume." This is not true.

Wu Yun said: Sui Shu Jingji Zhi contains the second volume of Tao Te Ching, Wang Bi's annotation.Chao Shuozhi and Xiong Kezhong's postscripts both claim that there is no distinction between the Tao Te Ching, but the current interpretation is actually divided into two volumes, which may be added by those suspected of engraving.However, Xing Bing's Analects of Confucius seldom quotes two sentences from Lao Tzu's Virtue Classic "Tianwang Huihui", and Yan Shi's ancient Han script annotations mostly quote Laozi's Taoist Classic and Virtue Classic, and the distinction should not be from Lu Deming.This stone is also written in the Book of Virtue, which is almost well-founded.

Sun Yirang said: The 81 chapters of the first and second chapters of Laozi are divided into "Tao Jing" and "De Jing".Heshang public edition, Wang's annotated edition recorded in classic commentaries, Daoist Tang Fu Yi's proofreading edition, and Tang Xuanzong's annotated edition in stone carvings are the same.

Hongming Ji Mouzi's theoretical confusion theory said: "The reasoning is right in 37 articles, and also 37 chapters of Pharaoh's Dao Jing." In the Han Dynasty, this book was divided into Dao and De Jing, with 37 chapters in Dao Jing and 44 chapters in De Jing. It is the same as this book.The Wang's annotations handed down today were revised by Song Chaoshuo, regardless of the two classics of Taoism and virtue.

Hong Yixuan said: "The Tao Te Ching was written by Wang Fu's heir, and everything that has been done in this life has its own chapters."Although this book does not record the number of chapters, each chapter has a blank space to distinguish it.Among them, there are also those who are different from the current Wang Ben. Now Wang Ben has three chapters from "Tao Chong and Use It" to "Before the Emperor Xiang", four chapters from "Heaven and Earth Are Not Benevolent" to "It is Better to Shou Zhong", and "The God of the Valley Is Immortal" There are six chapters up to "Using it not diligently", all of which are combined into one. "Therefore, there is profit, and there is no use." The present king belongs to the twelve chapters. There is no word "so" in this book, and the two sentences belong to the first chapter of the next chapter. "Heavy is light on roots, quiet is the king of impetuosity", the current Wang Ben has 27 chapters, and this book is the end of the previous chapter.Lu Deming Laozi's pronunciation and meaning have been changed for future generations, and it is a pity that I can't prove it with this book.

(End of this chapter)