2050 superpower

Chapter 4 During the Warring States Period, the BRIC countries were born (3)
In South America, in 1969, five South American countries including Colombia, Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Ecuador established the Andean Community.Since then, the "Ancom" has persisted in the division and combination until now. In 2002, in order to implement a unified external tariff, implement a common agricultural policy, further coordinate foreign policies, and accelerate the integration of the "Ancom" 2004~, the "Andean Group Summit" attended by leaders of 12 South American countries was held in Peru. At this summit, 12 [~-$TT "South American countries Community Founding Agreement". For the successful signing of this agreement, Peruvian President Toledo said: "We will inject new soul and life into Simon Bolivar's dream.The establishment of the South American Community of Nations is a great historic event, which means the birth of a new South America that hopes to achieve integration in multiple fields. "The Argentine Foreign Minister said: "The South American Community of Nations is an important step taken by South American countries in the process of regional integration, and it marks that South American countries will have a common future. "

In southern Africa, on August 1992, 8, the heads of member states of the "Southern African Development Coordination Conference" gathered in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia, to sign treaties, declarations and protocols, and establish the Southern African Development Community, so that the African region's economy will development in the direction of integration.Since then, the "SADC" has drawn up a grand blueprint for southern Africa, planning to establish a customs union in 17, a common market in 2010, a central bank and currency union in the region in 2015, and currency unification in 2016.

In short, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the world, which used to have only two hostile camps, was split into many "fragments" with competing interests.With the advent of economic globalization, these "fragments" no longer exist in isolation, but are tied together in struggle by interrelated interests.As a result, communication and dialogue have become the main content of world political life.Breaking through national boundaries and continental boundaries, multilateral economics and multilateral politics emerge through dialogue. In 1999, the "G1999" emerged.As a mechanism for informal dialogue within the framework of the Bretton Woods system, the G11 joined 2010 newly industrialized countries and the European Union in 6 to form the "G26".The dialogue between these world powers, big countries or important countries will, in a sense, influence the direction of world development. As an important platform for jointly coping with the international financial crisis and strengthening international economic cooperation, the "G[-]" held another summit in Toronto on June [-], [-].In addition to the leaders of the members of the "G[-]", leaders of some countries and regions in Asia, Africa, and Europe participated in this summit, as well as the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Financial Stability Council, the World Trade Organization, Heads of international organizations such as the International Labor Organization were also invited to attend the meeting.On the surface, the theme of this summit is to discuss issues such as the world economic situation, the European sovereign debt crisis, the "framework for strong, sustainable and balanced growth", the reform of international financial institutions, international trade and financial regulation, etc. A debate on the right to speak in the world order.Therefore, at the summit, what grabs the attention is not the subject, but an off-topic dispute, and "economy" is just an accompaniment to "politics".The result, as French President Sarkozy said, is fragile and non-binding.

In 1964, in order to get rid of and resist the control, exploitation and plunder of the powerful countries, the oppressed developing countries united and established the "Group of 77".After the end of the Cold War, in order to cope with the new situation, the "Group of 77" held the first South Summit in Havana, the capital of Cuba, in April 2000.The conference was grand, with heads of state, government or representatives from 4 member states attending.The theme of this meeting is: How to deal with the severe challenges and risks brought by the globalization of the world economy to the countries of the South; Participate in the decision-making of world economic affairs and the formulation of relevant rules; how to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation between North and South to establish a just, fair and reasonable new international economic order.Leaders of various countries conducted full consultations on these issues, and finally reached a consensus, issued the "South Summit Declaration" and "Havana Program of Action", and decided to establish a "Southern Coordination Committee" to coordinate and organize the "Action Program" implementation and implementation of decisions on South-South cooperation.

In addition to intercontinental regional cooperation organizations, there are also intercontinental cooperation organizations active. In 1989, the Pacific Rim Economic Cooperation Organization, also known as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Organization (.APEC), was established.Currently, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation has 21 members from coastal countries and regions in Asia, North America, South America and Oceania.Regarding the positioning of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, in 1993, in the Declaration of the Informal Leaders Meeting in Seattle, a clear expression was made: the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a family that creates a stable and prosperous future for the region and builds the Asia-Pacific economy. , deepen opening up and strengthen partnerships, contribute to the world economy and support an open international trading system.

In 1991, with the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Soviet Union was split into 15 countries.In order to maintain regional stability, on April 1996, 4, the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan gathered in Shanghai, China, forming the "Shanghai Five" meeting mechanism including China.Afterwards, Uzbekistan also joined it. After consultation among the six countries, in June 26, the meeting mechanism of the "Shanghai Five" was raised to the level of cooperation, and it was renamed the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization". The purpose of the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" is: to strengthen mutual trust and good-neighborly friendship among member states; to encourage effective cooperation among member states in politics, economy and trade, science and technology, culture, education, energy, transportation, environmental protection and other fields; To maintain and guarantee regional peace, security and stability; to establish a democratic, fair and rational new international political and economic order.

From the above overview of the world situation and pattern after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, it can be seen that after the United States gained the world's hegemony, the international community not only failed to become more united under this "center", but caused a comprehensive fission. Numerous international organizations have been formed.Whether it is unipolar or multipolar, it is infinite.In the world of Wuji, all powerful countries are gearing up to make a difference at the beginning of "chaos" and to achieve more integration on the basis of globalization.However, all countries in the world have their own ambitions, and the result can only be sideways, and it is difficult to do anything.In essence, apart from the different interests of each country, the non-binding nature of the organization is one of its disadvantages.Although most of the newly-emerged international organizations use the word "economic" to avoid the political nature, the essence of the political nature has not changed. The world has a new order.The alliances of various countries join forces to use the power of groups to "reorganize the rivers and mountains", but international organizations are all loosely united, and the resolutions made are not binding. Therefore, any efforts will make the world more chaotic.The Copenhagen World Climate Conference is a prominent example.

In order to protect the earth's atmosphere and reduce industrial harmful gas emissions, in 1997, the World Climate Conference was held in Kyoto, Japan. The convention, known as the Kyoto Protocol, sets standards for countries' carbon dioxide emissions and is valid until 2012.At this conference, the United States, the most developed industrialized country, rejected this agreement for its own benefit and became the only industrialized country in the world that did not sign the "Kyoto Protocol". In December 2009, as the "Kyoto Protocol" was about to expire, the World Climate Conference was held in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark.The purpose of convening this meeting is to adopt a "Copenhagen Protocol" to replace the "Kyoto Protocol" that is about to expire in 12.At the World Climate Conference in Copenhagen, the United States bucked its usual routine and became extremely active.However, no matter whether it is a developed country in the West or a third world country, they don't buy into the US's account.Just when the Copenhagen World Climate Conference was about to abort, the United States had to turn to China, India and other countries for help, and finally ended with a non-binding "Copenhagen Agreement".

It can be seen from the Copenhagen World Climate Conference that in today's world, except for the United States, which is "brightening its sword" everywhere in the world, other countries are engaged in a "dark war" for world dominance.In a sense, the "Copenhagen Accord" is a declaration that the battle for world dominance is about to begin.

§§§ Section [-] The world in turmoil calls for a new leader

On February 2008, 2, Ban Ki-moon, the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations, said when he visited the George Bush Library: "According to my point of view, the world needs the leadership of the United States. ... For the United Nations, the United States is the best There is no better friend than the United States." Regarding Ban Ki-moon's disgusting words, RIA Novosti reported: "At the beginning of Ban Ki-moon's tenure as Secretary-General, he publicly criticized the unilateralist policy pursued by the United States. And now, he made such a speech in public, which caused an uproar in the international public opinion." Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United Nations organization has been in crisis and marginalized to some extent.The hawks in the Bush administration, in particular, are even more dismissive of the United Nations, advocating a complete reform of the United Nations, and even setting up a separate hill to establish an international organization centered on the United States, and let this international organization handle international security affairs.

On September 2009, 9, U.S. President Barack Obama addressed the United Nations General Assembly. He admitted that many people in the world were full of doubts and distrust of the United States, and said: "My duty is to safeguard the interests of my country and people. I will never apologize for defending this interest....But we share the same future....We have paid our dues to the UN....Those who once accused the United States of engaging in unilateral actions in the world at this time We cannot stand by and wait for the United States to solve global problems alone. In the face of complex global crises, all countries in the world should shoulder their respective responsibilities and respond together.”

It is undeniable that the United States was once the leader of the Western world.There are historical reasons for the United States to gain the status of the leader of the Western world.First of all, although the United States made a fortune in the "World War II", it sent people and guns to participate in the anti-fascist war, and played an irreplaceable and important role for other countries in the process of ending the "World War II".Secondly, after the end of World War II, two camps of socialism and capitalism were formed due to ideological opposition; in the capitalist camp, only the United States has the ability to fight against the powerful Soviet Union.It is precisely for these two reasons that the United States has been undeniably given leadership by the Western world.However, things have changed and the world has changed. Today's world is no longer the bipolar world of the past, and the United States has been abandoned by the world.

In order to get rid of its own decline and restore the glory of the past leader, the United States is fanning the flames everywhere, trying to build a world of two-level confrontation.In order to achieve this goal, the United States challenged Iran and Russia, creating a "China threat theory". In 2010, the United States showed its sword in the Yellow Sea, clearly showing its strength over North Korea, and intending to challenge China's bottom line.The reason why the United States does this is to create a world of opposites.

The United States wants to be a world leader, but it is unwilling to give up its status as a world hegemon.It is an indisputable fact that the United States is today's hegemon.That's why Ban Ki-moon praised the United States in a nasty way.The essence of Ban Ki-moon's praise of the United States is not that "the world needs the leadership of the United States" as he said, but that Ban Ki-moon needs the support of the United States.A leader country must be a strong country, but a strong country does not necessarily become a leader.

This is like Song Jiang in the Liangshan Mountains. Although he can't punch, he can become the leader of 108 heroes who are "able to fight well".A leader must have charisma, otherwise he will only be a bully if he seizes power by force.For the overlord country, any country has the desire to "put it to death and make it quick".This is the tragedy America is facing right now.

In today's world, there is no consensus among frogs and cicadas. A leader is really needed to stop the chaotic conflict of interests and guide the direction of world development to the direction of "One World, One Dream" in order to realize the "nice" of the whole world; otherwise Therefore, it is difficult for countries to develop in the entanglement and stumbling.The current situation in the world is that weak countries seek their masters to rely on everywhere, and strong countries stand on their own as kings.In fact, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the powers of the world are not competing for leadership, but for supremacy; only China, from the Mao Zedong era to the present, has pursued a better world, and "not seeking hegemony" has become the basic principle of China's participation in international affairs .Even so, the powerful countries in the world are still terrified, for fear that the weak countries can't bear the oppression and rise up under the leadership of China, so they show their ability to slander and spread rumors, and slander China even more crazily than before.As a result, two kinds of wars have emerged in the world: one is the potential of military wars; the other is the reality of economic wars.No matter what kind of war it is, the result will be "rubbles everywhere" and "corpses everywhere"; only the emergence of an overlord or leader can stop the war.The overlord can only use violence to control violence and let civilization go into trouble; while the leader uses kindness to control violence and make "the world civilized."The overlord exists by its violence, life is sudden, and death is sudden; the leader exists by his spirit, life can die, but the soul is still there.Remember, the world will never be like the blindfolded "Goddess of Justice" Astria who holds a sword in one hand and a scale in the other, thinking that "the world is not benevolent, and everything is a humble dog"; After that, it will no longer be under the jurisdiction of heaven and earth, and the conflict of human interests will not be resolved by a certain god. Even Astria can only return to heaven with her scales.

Once upon a time, the "Group of Seven" played a leading role in world economic affairs for a long time.Shortly after the end of the Cold War, Russia also joined the "Group of Seven".What used to be the "Group of Seven" became the "Group of Eight".Although Russia is in the "Group of Eight", the other seven countries have never allowed it to play the role of "world leader".

The rise of China has changed the world economic structure and weakened the ability of the "G[-]" to undertake international affairs.In this context, the "G[-]" has established a dialogue mechanism with China and other emerging economies, intending to use the power of China, India and other countries to continue to follow its own predetermined international political and economic agenda.

(End of this chapter)