2050 superpower

Chapter 18 The Cursor's Return to Russia (2)
Finally, let's talk about the Northern Fleet, the most powerful Soviet Union.This fleet, like the Pacific Fleet, has its jurisdiction in Russia, so Russia has completely taken over.The Northern Fleet is mainly responsible for strategic tasks in the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Its bases are mainly located on the Kola Peninsula and the coast of the White Sea, and the fleet headquarters is located in Murmansk.When Russia took over, the Northern Fleet was equipped with: 23 strategic missile nuclear submarines, 12 cruise missile nuclear submarines, 35 nuclear attack submarines, 24 conventional submarines, 2 aircraft carriers, 3 cruisers, 13 destroyers, and 30 frigates , 270 other surface ships, and 218 naval aviation combat aircraft.Now the equipment strength of the Northern Fleet is not as good as before.

In addition, the Soviet Union is the second country in the world to possess nuclear weapons. Its nuclear force has been closely following the United States in terms of technology and scale. In the late 20s, the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons surpassed the United States in number.It can be said that the Soviet Union has a huge nuclear arsenal, which enables it to make up for the lack of military power in other areas, and is evenly divided with the United States in the world's strategic position.Although the Soviet Union disintegrated, a body that fell from the Soviet Union—Russia—inherited 70% of the Soviet Union’s military equipment, including its nuclear arsenal.

As the saying goes, centipedes are dead but not stiff.As of the end of 2009, Russia's strategic nuclear forces were equipped with about 2600 nuclear warheads, and its tactical nuclear forces were equipped with about 2000 nuclear warheads, a total of 4600. In addition, 7300 nuclear warheads were in reserve and awaiting destruction.Just as the strength of the Northern Fleet is weakening, so is Russia's nuclear force.By 2000, Russia possessed 180 SS-18 and 150 SS-19 liquid-guided multi-warhead intercontinental missiles, plus 360 SS-25 single-warhead intercontinental missiles, and 36 train-mobile SS-24 solid-point missiles. Guided multi-warhead intercontinental missiles, the development since then can be said to be as slow as a snail.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia's newly developed SS-27 was equipped with only 20 pieces, which belonged to the two missile regiments of the Russian Strategic Rocket Army, which led to a continuous and rapid reduction in the number of Russian land-based intercontinental missiles. At the end of 2009, according to the assessment report of Russia's nuclear forces, the size of Russia's land-based intercontinental missiles was reduced to 33, of which the new intercontinental missiles only had 50 fixed-launched SS-27s, 18 mobile-launched SS-27s, and possible 3 SS-27 M3.As a sub-guided multi-warhead intercontinental missile, the SS-18 missile uses 10 sub-guided multi-warhead configurations, and the SS-19 uses 6 sub-guided multi-warhead configurations. They alone are equipped with 860 nuclear warheads.

Russia's naval performance has been low for many reasons.However, Russia's performance in air force construction is remarkable.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia took over all aviation enterprises and scientific research departments, so that it maintained its status as a major country in the aerospace field, and even took the lead in some fields.Russia has inherited the mantle of the Soviet Union and has strong research and development capabilities and rich research and development experience in the aerospace field.In terms of combat aircraft, there are Mikoyan Design Bureau's "MiG" series aircraft, Sukhoi Design Bureau's "Su-27" series aircraft, and Yakovlev Design Bureau's "Jacques" series of short runway vertical take-off and landing aircraft. , the "An" series of aircraft of the Antonov Design Bureau, the "Be" series of aircraft of the Believ Design Bureau, the "Il" series of aircraft of the Ilyushin Design Bureau, and the "Tu" of the Tupolev Design Bureau series of bombers, the "Mi" helicopter series of the Miri Design Bureau, the "Ka" series of helicopters of the Kamov Design Bureau, etc.

Overall, the number of active Russian troops has reached 150 million.Among them, the Army has 42 people, the Navy has 22 people, the Air Force has 13)/'people, the Strategic Rocket Force has 10 people, and the Air Force has 17 people. They are composed of reserve forces and paramilitary forces.

The current status of Russia's military power, although it has shrunk during the Soviet period, has improved in quality.No matter in terms of military equipment, the number of troops, or the establishment of the army, the "camel" of Russia is indeed bigger than the "horse". Putting its military power anywhere in the world can show its strength the presence of military power.But the problem is that due to economic decline, Russia, a powerful force, can only be wronged in the offshore, which affects its status as a world military power.So we say that in the world, only the United States has the economic strength to allow its military power to appear anywhere in the ocean.

§§§Section [-] From the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean
There are three oceans that Russia is on the verge of, namely the Pacific Ocean, the Baltic Sea and the Arctic Ocean.Among them, the Baltic Sea and the Pacific Ocean are of survival significance to Russia.

The Baltic Sea is the inland sea in northern Europe, the marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean, and the dependent sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean.The Baltic Sea is almost surrounded by land, and there are nine countries surrounding the sea: Sweden, Russia, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.The Baltic Sea extends eastward to the Gulf of Finland between Finland, Estonia and Russia, and northward to the Gulf of Bothnia between Finland and Sweden. They are important shipping lanes in Northern Europe and important channels for trade between Russia and Europe. The strategic significance is very important, so it is always the area that countries try to control.Therefore, both economically and politically, Russia is required to pay close attention to this sea area.In order to protect its own interests, Russia has stationed the Baltic Fleet in this sea area.

The Baltic Fleet is one of the four major naval fleets of the Soviet Union. Its predecessor was the Russian Baltic Fleet created in the Northern War in the 18th century.During the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet assisted the Russian Army in attacking the fortress of Kviborg, the ports of Reval, Pernov, Riga, Helsingfors and Orb, and the Mon Channel Islands.In the Battle of Cape Hanko, the Battle of Osser and the Battle of Glengarm, the Baltic Fleet all won victories, enabling Russia to gain a firm foothold in the Baltic Sea and become a naval power.By 1722, the Baltic Fleet had 130 sailing ships (including 32 battleships) and nearly 400 oarboats.From the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the Baltic Fleet formed several squadrons, went to the Mediterranean to fight against the Turkish fleet, and defeated the Turkish fleet in the naval battles of Cesme, Athos and Navarino. From 1788 to 1790, during the Russo-Swiss War, the Baltic Fleet won victories in naval battles at Gogran Island, Rochensalm, Reval and Vyborg.With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, at the end of the 19th century, the Baltic Fleet had 19 steam armored ships, 4 coastal defense armored ships, 4 armored cruisers and 39 frigates.During the First World War, the Baltic Fleet carried out mine-laying operations many times, laying about 3 mines, which blocked the communication lines of the German fleet and prevented the German fleet from breaking into the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Riga.The Baltic Fleet supported the Army in World War I, defending Petrograd from the sea.During the October Revolution of 5, the cruiser "Aurora" of the Baltic Fleet sent a signal to attack the Winter Palace with blank shells, and fired the first shot of the revolution.After the victory of the October Revolution, Russia established the Soviet regime.The major capitalist countries in the world are unwilling to see the development and growth of Soviet Russia as a "heterogeneous". They actively support the White Guards organized by Tsarist Russian military officers in the civil war, and finally directly send troops to carry out armed intervention in an attempt to destroy this young Soviet country. Killed in the cradle.In order to eliminate the remnants of the tsarist forces and resist the armed intervention of foreign powers, the Baltic Fleet sank 1917 British warships and injured 1919 during the 18 Petrograd Battle, forcing the British fleet to abandon the blockade of Petrograd.Afterwards, the Baltic Fleet and the Army worked together to recapture the Red Hill Fortress from the British.During several five-year plans before the outbreak of World War II, Soviet Russia updated the technical equipment of the Baltic Fleet, added new surface ships, submarines and aircraft, refitted old battleships, established fleet aviation, coastal defense forces and air defense forces.Before the German army invaded Soviet Russia, the Baltic Fleet consisted of 16 battleships, 2 cruisers, 2 destroyer leaders, 2 destroyers, 19 ​​torpedo boats, 48 submarines, 69 aircraft, several coastal defense regiments and air defense regiments , is one of the most powerful combat joint formations in the Soviet-Russian Navy. After the outbreak of World War II, the Baltic Fleet sank a total of 656 enemy combat ships and auxiliary ships and 194 transport ships between 1945 and 581, with a total displacement of about 624/'ton.Beginning in the 1007s, the Baltic Fleet, like the rest of the Soviet fleet, began to equip itself with new technological weapons, missile ships and jet aircraft.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Baltic Fleet was taken over by Russia and Ukraine according to their shares, and both sides share it.

目前该舰队有常规潜艇3艘、巡洋舰3艘、驱逐舰2艘、护卫舰20艘，其他各类型水面舰艇约250艘，各种作战飞机160架。

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world, accounting for about 1/3 of the Earth's area.The Pacific Ocean is of great significance in international transportation. Many important sea and air routes between Asia, Oceania, North America and South America in the world pass through the Pacific Ocean.Among these waterways, there are East Asia-North America west coast route, East Asia-Caribbean sea, North America east coast route, East Asia-South America west coast route, East Asia coastal route, East Asia-Australia and New Zealand route, Australia, New Zealand-North America east and west coast route, etc. .

In order to ensure the safety of its own maritime lifeline, among the four major fleets that Russia took over from the Soviet Union, the Pacific Fleet is the only one whose strength has not weakened, but has been greatly strengthened.

Vladivostok is the largest military port of the Russian Navy on the Pacific coast, and Vladivostok and Sakhalin are the main submarine bases of the Russian Navy in the Pacific region.

The predecessor of the Russian Pacific Fleet was the Red Flagship Fleet in the Soviet era. It was stationed in the Pacific Ocean and guarded Russia's East Asian border. Its headquarters is located in Vladivostok.In addition, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatka on the Kamchatka Peninsula is another important base for it.

Historically, Russia has attached great importance to the status of the Pacific Ocean. In 1847, its navy built the first Russian seaport on the Pacific coast.At that time, the navy stationed in the Russian seaport was only a small fleet, mainly used for coastal patrol and protection of fishing boats. In 1856, this small fleet stationed in the Russian seaport was named the Siberian Fleet, and until the beginning of the 20th century, the size of the Siberian Fleet was still small.Since then, due to the deterioration of relations between Russia and Japan, Russia has transferred part of the Baltic Fleet to the Pacific Ocean to strengthen its maritime power. When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904, Russia had formed the First Pacific Fleet, with 7 battleships, 8 cruisers, 13 torpedo boats and 2 gunboats.In order to counter the threat of Japan, Russia stationed 2 cruisers, 2 mine cruisers, 12 torpedo boats and 5 gunboats in the Siberian fleet at Lushunkou, and the other 4 cruisers and 10 torpedo boats were stationed in Vladivostok to strengthen the Pacific Ocean. sea ​​power.Until the beginning of World War II, the Soviet Russian Pacific Fleet consisted of 2 water squadrons, 4 submarine squadrons, 1 torpedo boat squadron, several other ships and patrol boats, aviation, coastal artillery, and marines.

到“二战”结束时，太平洋舰队有2艘巡洋舰、1艘旗舰、10艘驱逐舰、2艘鱼雷艇、19艘巡逻艇、78艘潜艇、10艘布雷艇、52艘排雷艇、204艘摩托鱼雷艇和1459架战斗机。

World War II ended and the Cold War began.In order to fight against the Western military forces headed by the United States, the Soviet Union vigorously expanded its navy and strengthened its maritime forces including the Pacific Ocean. Among them, the Pacific Fleet added many modern ships including nuclear submarines and missile boats.In the period after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, due to the lack of technical and financial support, the Pacific Fleet's combat effectiveness and combat readiness have declined greatly.The reason for this situation may be that Russia has disintegrated the Soviet Union, and considers itself to be a comrade in the trenches with the United States. It is in the honeymoon period of the "newlyweds", so there is no need to make threats to the United States.Russia soon discovered that the United States would not have "feelings" for itself at all, and the two countries parted ways before they "talked about marriage", so Russia restarted the construction of the Pacific Fleet.At present, the Russian Pacific Fleet has about 6 troops, 18 nuclear missile submarines, 17 nuclear attack submarines, 14 conventionally powered submarines, 4 guided missile cruisers, 10 guided missile destroyers, 40 guided missile frigates, and nearly 400 other types of ships. ships and more than 170 naval aviation aircraft.

After entering the 21st century, the footsteps of human beings to obtain energy began to move from land to sea.In order to occupy a favorable position in the future struggle for maritime rights and interests, the Russian Navy has adjusted its strategic deployment in accordance with changes in the international security environment, and has made positive changes in terms of scale, organization, and equipment.As early as November 1999, the Russian Ministry of Defense promulgated the "Russian Federation Naval Strategy", which proposed a development route to enhance the combat potential of the navy by enhancing the strike capability, information capability and other capabilities of weapons and equipment.In order to revive the former glory of the navy, Putin has repeatedly emphasized that "the revival of the Russian military must first start with the navy", and successively signed the "Russian Federation Navy Development Plan for the Next 11 Years" and "Russian Federation Ocean Doctrine", until July 10 , Russia completed the formulation of the navy's short-term and long-term development plan.

The modern world is a world of knowledge explosion and a world of rapid technological development. The speed of upgrading of military equipment and technology in countries around the world is constantly accelerating.Focusing on the policy of winning the "sixth generation war", Russia has formulated a more reasonable development strategy, clarified the focus of naval equipment research and development, carried out large-scale and large-scale improvements to existing equipment, and improved the overall quality of main battle equipment. performance.According to the "Russian Federation Navy Development Program for the Next 10 Years", Russia will step up the development and construction of advanced combat ships and support ships, design and produce precise assault anti-submarine weapons, self-defense individual weapons, and multi-purpose aviation weapons. On the one hand, establish a fleet automation command unified network.According to Russia's current naval construction speed, it is estimated that by 2020, it will have a navy including 300-320 modern combat ships.

Today's world military is no longer limited to land, sea and sky competition, and has begun to advance to the military race in space.The Star Wars plan proposed by the United States in the second half of the 20th century is the starting gun for the space military race.Russia has inherited the advantages of the Soviet Union in the field of aerospace and continued to expand this advantage.By 2010, the Russian Navy had established a global surface, underwater and aerial satellite monitoring system, and applied related equipment to the Baltic Fleet, Black Sea Fleet and Caspian Sea Fleet.This system will increase the combat effectiveness of the Russian Navy by more than 50%.

The Russian Navy's strategic nuclear force is an important part of Russia's "Trinity" strategic deterrent force, and its submarine-launched missiles account for about 58% of the entire strategic nuclear force.Currently, Russia is developing sea-based launched "Bulava" intercontinental ballistic missiles and "Topol"-M intercontinental ballistic missiles, and plans to equip them on the fifth-generation strategic nuclear submarines - "Borei" class nuclear submarines in the future.By then, Russia's military strategic deterrence capability will reach a new level.

(End of this chapter)