2050 superpower

Chapter 17 The Cursor's Return to Russia (1)
§§§The first section Russia's past life and present life

On August 1991, 8, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, as the ruling party, launched a coup d'état and put under house arrest the first and last president of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, who was on vacation by the Black Sea at the time, in an attempt to take back the devolution to the franchise powers of the republic while terminating unsuccessful economic reforms.But the coup failed after only three days.As a saying was often said in the era of Mao Zedong in China:

Although the previous peasant uprisings failed, they shook the reactionary regime.Although this coup was not a coup in the nature of a peasant uprising, it shook the ruling system of the Soviet Union.After the coup, although Gorbachev returned to the presidency, the Soviet central government could no longer control the political situation.Yeltsin, then President of the Russian Federation, declared the Communist Party of the Soviet Union an illegal organization and restricted its activities in Russia.

At the end of 1991, Russian President Yeltsin signed a contract with the Presidents of Belarus and Ukraine in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, to establish the Commonwealth of Independent States and replace the Soviet Union by establishing a structure similar to the Commonwealth of Nations.Since then, except for the three Baltic countries and Georgia, other countries that joined the former Soviet Union responded one after another and broke away from the Soviet Union. On December 1991, 12, Soviet President Gorbachev announced his resignation and handed over state power to the Russian President.The next day, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR passed a final resolution announcing the cessation of the Soviet Union.At 25:19 on the same day, the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin, and the world's first and largest socialist country, the Soviet Union, disintegrated without a war.This incident shocked the world greatly.Regarding the reasons for the sudden disintegration of the Soviet Union, the international media have different opinions, and there is no unified conclusion.Among the divergent opinions, there are no more than ten kinds of theories, namely "peaceful evolution theory", "ethnic contradiction theory", "upper-level self-determination theory", "economic failure theory", "Stalin model theory", "wrong line theory", " Ideological theory", "abandonment theory", "historical joint force theory" and "people's insufficiency theory".No matter what kind of explanation, it cannot change the fact that the Soviet Union collapsed.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, although Russian President Yeltsin hated the Communist Party in the Soviet Union, he had a soft spot for the main legacy of the Soviet era and basically accepted it in its entirety.Since then, Russia has become the hegemon of the Commonwealth of Independent States by relying on these heritages, and has begun to crack down on member states that want to split and become independent.

The success of this restoration made the name of Russia reappear independently before the eyes of the world, and its history attracted people's attention again.Whether it is Russia now or Russia in the past, it is one of the major countries in the world that straddles the Eurasian continent and occupies about half of Europe and one-third of Asia.

Russia originated from the ancient Rus state.Ancient Rus was composed of three quasi-national organizations of the Slavs in the eighth and ninth centuries AD - Kuyaba, Slavia and Altania.Ancient Rus has a territory of about 100 million square kilometers and a population of about 500 million. Its ruler, Oleg, is revered as the "Grand Duke".In order to consolidate his rule, Oleg formulated a "Russ Decree and Law" to strengthen his feudal rule.After Oleg, his successor Vladimir, in order to consolidate the emerging feudal relationship and the Grand Duke's regime, banned the polytheism of the East Slavs and established Christianity as the state religion.In 988 AD, Grand Duke Vladimir of Ancient Rus joined Greek Orthodox Christianity by marrying Princess Anna, sister of the Byzantine emperor.Through the marriage, ancient Rus improved its international status in Europe, making it one of the ranks of European civilized countries.By the 12th century, the regime of the Grand Duke of Ancient Rus existed in name only, and the country was split into many independent principalities. In the 13th century, the Mongols invaded Ancient Rus and established the Golden Horde in the grasslands of the lower reaches of the Volga River to rule Ancient Rus.The Mongol invasion ended the history of Ancient Rus, and Ancient Rus was split into Northeast Rus and Southwest Rus.The Southwest Rus was attached to the relatively powerful Lithuanian Principality at that time, while the Northeast Rus formed the Moscow Principality which resisted the oppression of the Mongols. In 1480, the army of the Principality of Moscow defeated the Mongolian army on the Ugra River, ending the Mongolian rule that lasted for nearly two and a half centuries. In 1505, Vasily III succeeded to the throne and completed the unification of Northeast Rus, which was called "Russia".From 1462 to 1533, the territory of the Russian state expanded from 42 square kilometers to 280 million square kilometers, reaching the White Sea in the north, the Oka River in the south, the upper reaches of the Dnieper River in the west, and the branch of the Ural Mountains in the east, becoming the largest in Europe. s country.

In medieval Europe, as the Western Roman Empire was wiped out by the Germans, a number of barbarian countries emerged one after another, including the Germanic Franks.Frank defeated the Gaul army in 486 AD and established the Merovingian dynasty.With the continuous expansion of Frank, in the middle of the 6th century, it conquered some tribes and became the most powerful country in Western Europe at that time.In 751 AD, under the rule of Charlemagne, Frank annexed the Kingdom of Lombard, seized the Spanish border, occupied East Bavaria, conquered the Avar Khanate, and most of the land in Western Europe became the territory of the Frank Kingdom.After the death of Charlemagne, the Frankish Kingdom split. In August 843, the "Treaty of Verdun" was signed, and the country was divided into the West Frankish Kingdom (later France), the East Frankish Kingdom (later Germany), and the Kingdom of Italy.In the "long 8th century", the Industrial Revolution, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars broke out in Europe one after another.The Napoleonic Wars ended with the defeat of France, and the European political map was redrawn at the Vienna Conference in 19, and European countries in the present sense emerged.

Beginning in 1870, Prussia launched the Franco-Prussian War in order to unify Germany and compete with France for hegemony in the European continent.The war ended with the defeat of France and the complete victory of Prussia, establishing the German Empire.After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck worried about French retaliation and adopted an alliance policy to encircle France.At this time, Russia appeared in the "Alliance of Three Emperors" planned by Bismarck, but the alliance was not concluded. Prussia abandoned Russia and concluded the "Triple Alliance" with Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy.Russia was furious when it heard of this.In order to maintain a good relationship with Russia, Prussia signed the "Reinsurance Treaty" with Russia in 1887, so as to dispel the fire in Russia's heart.Since then, Russia began to demonstrate its power as a major power, joined European politics, and successively signed political alliances such as the "British-Russian Understanding" and the "Triple Entente".There were two Moroccan crises, two Balkan wars, and finally World War I broke out in the Sarajevo incident in 1914. On August 8, Germany declared war on Russia, and the Russian army began to attack the German army.As the war expanded, countries outside Europe also joined in, forming two camps: one was the Allied Powers dominated by Britain, France, and Russia, and the other was the Allied Powers dominated by the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy.

The continuous war has caused Russia's domestic economy to collapse, factories to close down, unemployment to surge, arms supplies to be extremely difficult, and soldiers to be extremely war-weary.Under such circumstances, various internal contradictions in Russia intensified, and the number of strikers in the capital Moscow reached one million, which led to the outbreak of the February Revolution in March 1917 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.After Nicholas II abdicated, the newly formed Kerensky provisional government continued the war, but was defeated by the German-Austrian coalition forces. In November 3, under the leadership of Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party, an armed uprising was launched, which overthrew the Kerensky provisional government and established the Soviet government and the world's first socialist country.After the establishment of the Soviet government, Russia and Germany signed the "Brest-Litovsk Treaty" and announced their withdrawal from the First World War.

The First World War ended with the defeat of the Allied Powers, and the German military was regulated in restraint according to the postwar agreement.After that, there was a brief peace in Europe.At this time, after the October Revolution, Russia established military and political alliances with Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. In 1921, the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party passed a resolution requiring Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia to form the South Caucasus Federation. After a congress jointly held by the Communist Parties of the three countries, representatives of the three governments signed the Federation Treaty. On March 1922, 3, the South Caucasus Federation was established. .In December, the Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets was held. Representatives from the four countries of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus and the South Caucasus Federation signed the treaty on the founding of the union. So far, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formally established. This is our The so-called Soviet Union today.After that, new socialist countries joined the Soviet Union, and by 12 the Soviet Union had 12 member states.

In the few years after the end of the First World War, Germany quietly re-emerged while being controlled, and made a comeback, once again forming the Axis alliance dominated by Germany, Italy, and Japan. In 1939, it launched the first World War II.The scale of this war was unprecedented, and almost all countries in the world were involved in it.In this war, the Soviet Union, as the main battlefield of Germany, suffered an almost devastating blow.From the beginning of resisting the invasion of Germany to the end of World War II, the Soviet Union expanded during the war and became the Soviet Union with 16 member countries.

The Soviet Union, which was formed after the baptism of war, did not resist the grind of peacetime, and finally staged the scene mentioned at the beginning of this section in the struggle for power and profit.This is a miracle.In history, any country, whether strong or weak, was destroyed by a powerful country in a war. Only the Soviet Union was so unbelievable that it strangled itself to death. This is a shocking spectacle.Although the Soviet Union "suicided" amid the applause of Western countries, Russia did not get anything he wanted in the painful "restoration".

§§§ Section [-] A skinny camel is bigger than a horse

The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the "restoration" of Russia did not allow Russia to receive the expected care and assistance from the United States and Western countries.Now that the Great Wall has been self-destructed, it should be willing to be a servant of the United States and Western countries, so that there will be "meat" to eat, but Russia will not do it.Faced with Russia's dissatisfaction, under the command of the United States, NATO expanded eastward to Russia's doorstep.NATO's eastward expansion has completely shattered Russia's extravagant hopes for the United States and the Western world.Fortunately, "a skinny camel is bigger than a horse", Russia gritted her teeth and said painfully - "I can still carry it".

So far, the motive for the disintegration of the Soviet Union has always been a mystery.This is because the core of the Soviet Union is Russia, and the person who disbanded the Soviet Union was precisely Russian President Yeltsin.The only explanation for why Yeltsin wanted to disband the Soviet Union is that he hated the Soviet Union's socialist system, and for this reason, he did not hesitate to ruin Russia's bright future.We say this not to be grandstanding, because other than that, it is difficult to find other logical reasons.You can think about it, in history, is there any country that does not want the territory it controls to grow bigger and bigger, and which country does not want to have a large number of people, but there is such an exception, and this exception happened in the Soviet Union .So Yeltsin would have been a mentally handicapped child, or insane, if not for perverted hatred.If you have to find a second normal reason, it can only be a legend - Yeltsin was a nail sent by the United States to the Soviet Union.It is conceivable that when the United States and Western countries learned that the Soviet Union had disintegrated in this way, they must have felt like a dream and could not believe it.The domestic turmoil before the disintegration of the Soviet Union is generally regarded as an internal power struggle, and such serious consequences were not expected to occur.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, maybe decades of feelings cannot be thrown away, so the former member states after the disintegration, in order to keep it as a memorial, established a Commonwealth of Independent States that was later proved to be of little significance.So far, an absurd drama is over.

Russia disintegrated the Soviet Union and began to divide up the Soviet Union's property.A country's first concern is the military, and only when security is ensured can it do other things with peace of mind.In the huge property of the Soviet Union, the Black Sea Fleet, one of the four major fleets, is one of the most important naval branches.The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Asia Minor Peninsula in Asia, with Ukraine on the north, Russia on the northeast, Georgia on the east, Turkey on the south, and Bulgaria, Romania, and Moldova on the west. Its strategic position is very important.At the same time, the Black Sea is also one of the warmest seas in the world, and it is navigable all year round.Based on such a strategically important sea area, Russia will certainly not give up easily.However, on January 1992, 1, Ukraine suddenly announced to take over the Black Sea Fleet. This statement was strongly opposed by Russia.After bargaining between the two sides, it was finally agreed that 3% of the conventional force in the Black Sea Fleet would go to Ukraine, and the rest, including "strategic force," would go to Russia.In fact, the divided Black Sea Fleet is no longer the complete Black Sea Fleet. Russia has already transferred the large aircraft carrier Kuznetsov and some large ships that originally belonged to the Black Sea Fleet from the Black Sea, which is no longer within the scope of the division of property.

Although the Black Sea Fleet was divided, it was only shared by share, not dismantled.At present, the fleet has 3 conventional submarines, 3 cruisers, 2 destroyers, 20 frigates, about 250 other surface ships of various types, and 160 combat aircraft of various types, all of which are jointly managed by Russia and Ukraine.

Another fleet of the Soviet Union, the Baltic Fleet, although it is the fleet with the smallest number of personnel and ships and the weakest strength among the four major fleets, it is also an attractive piece of fat. In September 199, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania along the Baltic Sea declared their independence. So far, there has been no request to divide the Baltic Fleet.According to estimates by foreign military observers, the main combat equipment of the Baltic Sea Fleet now includes: 1 conventional submarines, 9 destroyers, 10 frigates, about 4 other types of surface ships, and 20 naval aviation combat aircraft.Although it is the weakest of the four major fleets, with the size and combat capability of the Baltic Sea Fleet, it can still stand out from the crowd in the Baltic Sea.

The Soviet Union's Pacific Fleet belongs to the offshore defense fleet. Since its jurisdiction is within Russia, it is of course taken over by Russia.The Russian Pacific Fleet is mainly distributed in three areas: Vladivostok, Soviet Port and Petrobavsk.Due to the increasingly high strategic position of the Pacific Ocean, after Russia took over the Pacific Fleet, it expanded the original 400 ships to more than 700 ships, including 2 aircraft carriers, 7 cruisers, 18 destroyers, 4 frigates, and 28 strategic ships. Missile nuclear submarines, 23 attack nuclear submarines, 55 conventional submarines, in addition to more than 200 small combat ships and mine-hunting ships, 22 amphibious combat ships and more than 200 auxiliary ships, 500 aircraft of various types, and a total force of more than 13 million people.Most of the ships in this fleet are now staying in the Russian coastal areas.

(End of this chapter)