Interpretation of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching

Chapter 61

[Governing a big country is like being rich and small. 】

Luo Zhenyu said: "Heng", Wang's version of "cooking", which is the same as Jingfu's version.The interpretation comes out of "cooking", and the note: "It is not appropriate to add 'fire'." The original work of Wang Ben was "Heng", which is now corrected.Both the Jinglong version and the Dunhuang version are called "Heng", while the Imperial Note version and the Dunhuang Geng version are called "Xiang".Also "Xian", Dunhuang Xinben made "Xiang", Note: "On the river as 'Xian'."

The case of modesty: Suizhou's original work is "thick and small fishy", and the word "thick" is wrong.The template is "Holding Xiaolin", with notes: "Small scales are also small fish. Governing a big country is like hunting down small scales. Those who hold small scales should not be disturbed, otherwise the fish will rot. Those who govern a large country should do nothing, and doing so will hurt the people You can’t do anything to cover the world with a divine weapon.” Scale and spirit are rhymes, which can be understood in meaning.There is also the word "fishy", Cheng Xuanyingshu: "fishy, ​​fish; Heshang Gong made fresh characters, also fish." Only fishy has a stinky meaning.Chuci Shejiang "Smell and Yu", Note: "Smelly." Also "Meat is fishy", Shu: "Raw meat is also for mouth." Popular text: "Fish smell is fishy." As "fishy" The meaning is short, and it is still true to write "Heng Xiaoxian" from the stele.Kong Guangsen's poem sound class three "Heng" characters: "The three characters of 'Heng', 'cooking', and 'Xiang' are different from later generations. The ancients only used the word 'Heng' and used it according to the meaning. It seems that there is only Heng Yin.” Heshang’s note: “When cooking small fish, don’t remove the intestines or scales, and dare not scratch it, for fear of its mince.” Huainan Qi custom quoted Lao Tzu as saying: “Governing a big country is like cooking small fish, which is for prosperity. Those who say don't count scratching, those who are carving and chipping, say that it will cause it to be salty and sour." All of them are in line with the ancient meaning of Lao Tzu.

Hong Yixuan said: According to Han Feizi's interpretation of the old article: "When you serve the masses, shake them a few times, you will have less success; if you hide a large vessel and move it a few times, you will suffer more injuries; The number of reforms will cause the people to suffer. Therefore, a righteous monarch is noble and quiet, and does not pay attention to reforms. Therefore, it is said: "The one who governs a big country cooks small fish hard." "If" is a falsehood of the word "bitter".

Yi Shunding said: The old notes all refer to cooking small fresh fish as cooking small fish, but the meaning is quite difficult to understand.Morality refers to the chapter on Governing a Great Country, which says: "Rule a big country with the king of Ming, if you are prosperous and small." Heng, Tong also. Those who say "澌" say Wen Yun: "Shui Suo also." Su Suo means that the water will run out.Heng Xiaoli said that if you pass through extremely small water, nothing will happen if you do what you want. "Heng" reads like a Chinese character, and later generations misread it as cooking, and the ancient characters of "澌" and "Xian" are also similar.The poem "There is a rabbit with the first head", and the note: "Si, Bai also." This is the proof of the modern saying that the word "Si Bai" is "fresh".Xiao Xian is also Xiao Li.

The case of Qian: Both Hong and Yi are quite convoluted, but this is the only way to know that the word "Ruo" is suspected to be originally "bitter", and the word "Xian" is suspected to be "澌", which is true.Also, Han Feijie cited the word "Zhe" under "Guo". Gu Guangqi said: "There is no word 'Zhe' in Fu Ben and today's Dejing." Wang Xianshen said: "Governance must have the word 'Zhe'." Volume 44, Chen Shouping, "The one who governs a big country is like cooking small fresh food", the biography of officials in the later Han Dynasty quotes "the one who governs a big country is like cooking small fresh food", and the biography of Shu Zhi Jiang Wei quotes "The one who governs a big country is like cooking small fresh food". "Character.Beitang Shuchao 27 quotes "Governing a country is like cooking small fish", Yimin Chuan of the Later Han Dynasty quotes "Reaching a big country is like cooking small fish", Leiju 52, Huainan Qi custom training, and Wen Zide article quotes "Governing a big country is like cooking small fish", There is no word "zhe", just like this stone.Ma Qichang also said: "The poem Mao Chuan said: 'Cooking fish is troublesome and it will be broken, and governing the people is troublesome and it will be scattered. If you know how to cook fish, you will know how to govern the people.' The meaning comes from Lao Tzu."

[Using Tao to evil the world, its ghosts are not gods. 】

Gu Guangqi said: Fu's version has the word "Zhe" under "Xia", which is completely different from other versions.

Wang Xianshen said: To quote Lao Tzu for governance also has the word "Zhe", which is similar to what people in the Tang Dynasty saw in Lao Tzu originally had the word "Zhe".

Luo Zhenyu said: Both the Dunhuang Geng edition and the Jingfu edition have the word "Zhe".

Qian's case: Nai Juan, Muromachi, Peng, and Zhao also have the word "Zhe".

Also "evil", Fu Ben made it "come".Bi Yuan said: "In ancient times, the character for 'Li' was used as '口', and it was also commonly used as '口'. It is not true that it was commonly used as '交' and 'Xie'." Lu Deming said: "Xie, there is no such word in ancient times. "Yi Shunding said: "According to Huainan Chu Zhen Xun's note cloud: 'The world is opened by Tao, and its ghosts are not gods. It’s not the same as writing ‘何’ and ‘何’. This is the same as saying that the text quotes the word ‘cup’ from Lao Tzu’s book, which is the same as the precious one in ancient Chinese.”

The case of modesty: "口" and "去" have the same meaning. "Xie", Yupian: "Strengthen to cut. The poem says: 'Fang Shuxie stops.' Come, come." "This cloud "uses the Tao to open the world", that is, the Tao approaches the world, and it has no ambiguity with "evil". The word "evil" can be seen in the Book of Songs, and it is said that the text has not been collected, so there is no such word in ancient times.

The Case of Modesty: The article on Lunheng Zhishi said: "The sage of the old husband is the name of moral wisdom; the god is the reality of the invisible and invisible." The "sage" and "god" are opposed, and their friendship comes from Laozi .Wang Dao also said: "The legend says: 'When the country is about to prosper, listen to people; when the country is about to perish, listen to God. The theory of ghosts and evil spirits cannot exist in it, so the ghosts are not spirits."

[It's not that its ghosts are not gods, its gods don't hurt people. 】

Yan Kejun said: The imperial note is written as "injury to the people", and the next two sentences are also the same.

Qian’s case: Qingyang, Fenxi, Louzheng, Peng, Fan, and Gao are all used as “min” and Fu Ben is used as “ren”.Han Feizi quoted "It's not that the ghosts are not gods, and the gods don't hurt people", with the word "ye" underneath.However, the word "human" is removed from the bottom of "injury" in Qiandao.

Gu Guangqi said: Neither the Fu version nor the present Dejing has the word "Ye" in it.The Tibetan version has the word "person" under "Shang", and it is true, as does the Fu version and the present Dejing.

[It's not that the gods don't hurt people, and the saints don't hurt people either.Husband and wife do not hurt each other, so they have to return. 】

Yan Kejun said: "Give it back", each book is "Give it back to Yan".

Wei Jiasun said: In the imperial note "The old virtues are handed over to Yan", the word "Yan" was strictly cited, and the word "De" was missed.

Luo Zhenyu said: The Jinglong version and the Dunhuang Xin version are both written as "so they must be returned".

Qian’s case: Qingyang, Fenxi, Louzheng, Peng, Fan, and Gao “ren” are combined as “min”.Han Feizi interpreted the old "guess" as "rules", which is the same as the model.Also quoted "the sage does not hurt the people", Gu Guangqi said: "Fu Ben and the present Dejing's 'people' are all called 'people'. In the case of Hanzi, he called himself a 'people'." Wang Xianshen said: "If you are deceived, it's not that the gods don't hurt 'Sentence, but Zhao Mengfu didn't have it in the original, and those who doubted the publication of the book deleted it from the wrong one. He Shanggong, Wang Bi, and Fu have both." In another case, the word "Yi" is the same in all the editions, but the Dunhuang Xin edition is the same. "Zhi", and said: "All the texts use the word 'Yi', but Zhang Xitian (the strong version of the case uses 'Tian' as 'Shi'), and Mr. Lu wrote the word 'Zhi'. However, 'Zhi'" The two characters yi' are similar in shape, so the writer mistakenly made the word 'yi', and now use 'zhi' to mean it. It is not that this ghost does not harm things, but it is a man who can subdue the world with the Tao (Gu Ben, Qiang Ben Cheng Shu'ye' is 'evil'), so ghosts will no longer harm people, and their power lies in the rule of the Holy Spirit (Gu Ben Chengshu's 'rule' is 'reason'), so it is said that 'sages do not hurt people'."

Tao Hongqing said: The word "non-qi" is misleading because it refers to the above-mentioned "non-qi ghosts or gods".Wang Zhuyun: "If the Tao is consistent, the gods do not hurt people; if the gods do not hurt people, they do not know that they are gods. Gods are gods, and they don’t know that saints are holy.” This is the scripture he read as “Gods don’t hurt people, and saints don’t hurt people.”

[Phonetic Rhyme] Jiang's rhyme in this chapter has no rhyme.Yao Wentian: Xian, Shen, Shen, Ren rhyme (seven real level voices).Gao Ben Hantong.Xi Tong: Xian, Shen, Shen, Ren, Ren, Ren rhyme.Chen Zhu: Xian, God, God, Man, Man, Man, Yan Yun.The case of modesty: Xian rhymes with gods, people, and Yan.Xian, Shen, Ren, Zhenbu, Yan, Yuanbu, this is the rhyme of Yuan and Zhen.

The Youjinglong stele version is not divided into chapters, with 47 characters, the Dunhuang version and the Heshang version are the same, the Wang and model versions have 48 characters, and the Fu version has 49 characters.The title of Dunhuang is "Chapter of Governing a Great Country", the title of Heshang is "Residency No.60", the title of Wang is "Sixty Chapters", and the title of the model is "Chapter of Governing a Great Country No.60".

(End of this chapter)