Interpretation of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching

Chapter 39

[Being virtuous is not virtuous, so there is virtuousness.Do not lose virtue, so there is no virtue.The upper virtue is inaction without thinking, and the lower virtue is full of thinking. 】

Qian's case: the last sentence of the stone inscription "Go to Germany, import and export, and you have ideas".The meaning of the text is regarded as "under the virtue of doing nothing but thinking", complementing the word "doing nothing". "Being virtuous is not virtuous, so there is virtuousness", the two sentences quoted by Yang Shangshan in the Shunyang chapter of the second volume of Taisu volume of the Neijing and Zhouyi Ji Jiegan Jiujiayi are the same.The first four sentences of the biography of cool officials in Shiji are the same. "Shangde has nothing to do but nothing to think", the Anthology of Wei Dufu's annotations is quoted as "and everything is done", which is the same as Fu and the model.

Fan Yingyuan said: "Superior virtue does not do anything" two sentences, Han Fei, Wang Kou, Wang Bi, Guo Yun, Fu Yitong's ancient editions, He Shanggong wrote "Superior virtue does not do anything without thinking, and lower virtue does it with thinking".Today from the ancient book.

Yu Yue said: case... Han Feizi interpreted the old article as "the highest virtue does nothing and everything is done", which is the same as Lao Tzu in ancient times. Now he writes "no thought" and misunderstood the sentence "superior benevolence".Fu Yiben was saying "no".

The case of modesty: it is true that the stele is written as "no thought".Jie Chuan wished Lao Tzu to interpret the cloud: "One of the works is 'the upper virtue does nothing but does nothing, and the lower virtue does nothing but do nothing'. I doubt it is from Chu Ben." From this, we know that Wang Xizhi's book is exactly the same as Fu Ben's.However, "Superior Virtue does nothing but does nothing", compared with "Superior Virtue does nothing but does nothing", it is superior in righteousness.Gai Tai knew it, so he did not do it. Chapter 15 said that "I do nothing and the people transform themselves" is also true. There seems to be no difference between "doing nothing" and "doing nothing", but there is a big difference between "doing nothing without thinking" and "doing nothing but thinking".The next sentence in the Fu and model editions is "Being virtuous without thinking about it", compared with the stele version "undergoing virtue without doing anything but thinking about it". The two sentences of "no thought" and "shangren do it without thinking" are the same, is it safe?Bi Yuan said: "'No', Heshang Gong and Wang Bi wrote 'yes'. The case should be written as 'yes', or the biography of Yiben was wrongly engraved." Bi said yes.And "Shangde is for it without thinking", Fan Yun: "Han Fei is the same as the ancient version." Today Han Fei does not have this sentence, and it is not Han Fei without it, and the scriptures are definitely not true.

Ma Qichang said: "Inaction" used to be "do it", which was mistaken for the sentence "Shangyi", and Fu's version was mistaken for the sentence "Shangren". Zhu Jiaqiang said that it is not true, but now it is correct.Virtue has up and down, and its inaction is one.Because it does not lose its virtue, even if it is in the middle of doing nothing, there is still thinking.

Qian's case: Ma said yes. Chapter 63 says: "Doing nothing."

[Shangren does nothing for it, and Shangyi does it for it. 】

The case of modesty: the above text focuses on "inaction", and distinguishes between "inaction" and "intention"; the upper virtue is "inaction", and the lower virtue is "intention".This article focuses on "doing it", distinguishing "no thinking" and "thinking";The template is the same, and Fu Ben's "upper meaning" is "lower meaning", which is wrong.

[If you don't respond to the ceremony, you will throw your arms and still it. 】

Bi Yuan said: "still", Wang Bi said "throw".Case Shuowen Jiezi: "Still, because of." Throwing is also because of it, and in Xia Shi, there is a throwing family name.

The case of Qian: the stone editions of Yuzhu, Suizhou, Xingxuan, Jingfu, Qingyang, Fenxi, and Louzheng; the editions of Yan Zun, Fu Yi, Naijuan, Muromachi, Gu, and Peng are all written as "still", The template is "throwing", and it is also "throwing".Guang Ya said: "Throwing, attracting." Guang Yun said: "Throwing, strong traction."Fan said: "Putting the sleeves out of the arms is called rushing. The word 'throwing', Wang Bi is the same as the ancient version, and the world version is 'still', and today follows the ancient version."

[Thus, when one loses the Dao, one gains virtue; 】

Liu Shipei said: An old article by Han Feijie said: "Therefore, it is said: 'When you lose morality, you lose virtue; when you lose virtue, you lose benevolence; when you lose benevolence, you lose righteousness; The four "lost" characters are missing in the Heshang and Heshang editions.

Ma Xulun said: There are no four characters in the annotations to the biography of Cui Yi in the later Han Dynasty, but there are quotations in the annotations to the biography of Zhu Mu.There are two sentences in the first and third quotes of Supplementary Notes: "If you lose your manners, you will be wise, and after you lose your wisdom, you will believe". Character.

[Husband Li, the thinnest of loyalty and trust, and the leader of chaos. 】

Yan Kejun said: "The thinness of loyalty and trustworthiness", the imperial annotation is "the book", and the next "don't place it at the thinness" is the same.

Luo Zhenyu said: Under the word "shou", Jingfu originally had the word "ye".

Qian's case: Fu, Fanben, and Muromachiben also have the character "Ye".Li Qiao said: "Zhuangzi Zhibei's Journey to the North quoted the phrase 'the rites are the brilliance of the Tao and the head of the chaos', which is mistakenly combined into one sentence."

Song Xiangfeng said: Lao Tzu wrote the book on the natural rule of the Yellow Emperor, which is the so-called "walking of the road" in the Li Yun chapter, so morality comes first and then benevolence and righteousness.Confucius established the Six Classics, and Ming Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, and Zhou Gong's Tao, which is what Li Yun said, "Since the Tao is hidden, the world is home", so Zhong Ming benevolence, righteousness and propriety are known to save the world.Therefore, the learning of Huang and Lao and the biography of Confucius are also superficial to each other.It is also said: "The loyalty of the husband is thin, and the chaos is the first." According to this statement, the world's morality and benevolence are gradually descending, and the people are governed by propriety.Three thousand and three hundred are the reason for restraining and tidying up the people, since the loyalty and trustworthiness are thin, and the etiquette is the first in governing the country.Chaos, governance also.Lao Tzu talked about etiquette, so Confucius asked about etiquette.

The case of Qian: The theory of the Song Dynasty has been differentiated, but the source of academics has not been clarified, and "chaos" is used to teach "governance".In Chapter 64 of Zhengzhi's scriptures, "governance is before chaos", then "governance" and "chaos" are opposite to each other, and "governance" should not be taught here alone.Lao Tzu is a person who knows the etiquette but opposes the etiquette, so he said: "Play with the thick, not with the thin."

【Previous knowledge is the brilliance of Tao and the beginning of ignorance. 】

The Case of Modesty: Han Feijie’s old work, “He who knows before is the brilliance of Dao, and the head of ignorance.” The word "pre-knowledge" strictly follows the "pre-job" in this work, and the note: "It is pre-set." According to the note, "job" is a wrong word. "The beginning of foolishness", Fu Ben's "beginning" is the "first", and Wang Bi's annotation "the brilliance of Tao is the first of foolishness", so Wang Ben should also be the "first".Fan and Nai volumes are written as "beginning".Also, the book of rites, qu li and justice, quotes: "the rite is the thinnest of loyalty and trust, the brilliance of morality, and the beginning of fighting for foolishness."

Yi Shunding said: According to the quotation, "Tao" has the word "virtue" under it, and "foolish" has the word "struggle".It is said that "stupid" is regarded as "Yu", which is the "Yu" of Shu Pangeng's "Temporarily Encountering a Traitor", and the "I" of Huainan's "Oukou Wisdom".In Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, "Silky, Foolish and Dangerous Words", Wang's scriptures recounted that "foolish" means "encounter". The ancient characters for "foolish" and "yu" are common, and so is knowing this book.The beginning of ignorance is the beginning of evil and hypocrisy.

[It is because a man should be as thick as he is not as thin as he is;So go and take this. 】

Yan Kejun said: "The work on the river should not be based on its thickness, and should not be considered on its own, and should not be considered on its own."So did Wang Bi.

The case of modesty: There are similarities and differences on the rivers.The two sentences of Yihe Shangben and the next are combined as "ju", and the four sentences of Muromachiben, Fu, and Fanben are all written as "place".Fan Yingyuan said: "Han Fei and Yan Zuntong's ancient books. The following two sentences are 'place' and 'residence'." Bi Yuan said: "Wang Fuqianfu's theory of 'not being the least important' is the same as Wang Bi's. Zhu Muchonghou's theory is quoted above. The second sentence is 'place', and the next two sentences are 'ju'." Also "go away and take this", there is no word "so" in the strict book, Huainan Road should train and quote this sentence to be the same as this stone.

[Phonetic Rhyme] Jiang's rhyme in this chapter has no rhyme.Xi Tong: Shou and Shi rhymes, Bo and Hua rhymes.Li Gengyun said: According to the rhyme of thin and Hua, the rhyme of the first and the beginning.In ancient times, Hua Rubo was read.In the fourth year of Gongyang's mourning, "Pushe Disaster", Gu Liang and Zuo's family were both named "Boshe".In the book of rites, the suburban special sacrifice "Boshe Beibei", the interpretation says: "the original is also a Bo." This is the proof that "Pu" is "Bo".Deng Tingzhen said: Bo, Hua Yun.Hua Guyin is pronounced Ruo, Yu and Yu.The sound of Bo Congpu is the sound of Yu and Yubu.

Youjing Longbei has 120 nine characters, Dunhuang version, He and Wang Bentong, Fu version has 130 characters, and model version has 130 characters.Heshang titled "On Virtue No. 30", Wang Ben titled "Chapter 38", and model title "Shangde Bude Chapter No. 30".

(End of this chapter)