This is the most effective way to learn

Chapter 41 How to review best? (2)
When we think in this way, we weave new facts and concepts into our existing knowledge, so that they become part of our fixed reservoir of "thinking tools".

Nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate Hans Bessie said: "There is a big difference between proficiency and creativity. A student can be proficient as long as he studies his textbooks and lecture notes, but only in the He can be creative when he tries to look beyond the known facts, and when he tries to think beyond the known. But he has to think about these facts and concepts, because creativity comes only through thinking.”

Recently, scientists have discovered a very important fact about learning: the only learning method that can permanently become a part of a person's learning and increase people's inner wisdom is called beneficial credit.That is, we take a conscious, extra step beyond mere memorization of facts, and that extra step is thinking.

This most precise and basic concept of thinking is exactly what the famous philosopher Schopenhauer pointed out in an article in his "Prose Collection": "A person may have a lot of knowledge, but if he does not pass his own If he organizes his own thinking, then this knowledge is of much less value than a small amount of knowledge that he has thought about in detail."

How to Review and Understand Graphical Materials

Many people ignore diagrams during revision as if they were just empty pages.However, diagrammatic descriptions of principles, objects of discussion, or concepts may be a key part of the text.In addition, diagrams can often simplify complex concepts.

A considerable portion of books in science, sociology, psychology, business, and economics are tables, curves, diagrams, or pictures.This visual table can convey a lot of information in a relatively small amount of space.This information is as important as written information, perhaps more important.But many students turn over tables, curves, etc. due to time constraints, thinking: "Ah, I don't have to read this page", and then speed up and read to the end of a chapter.

1.Don't Ignore Chart Data

If you turn a page with visuals just by glancing at a book, you're cheating yourself in two ways:
(1) Readers miss important information;
(2) The reader forgoes an excellent opportunity to think.This is because the pages of the book are printed with visual information, which the reader must convert into written information.At this point, the reader should stop and think about them.Once this is done, it means that the reader has thought through the information and stored both the text and the visuals.Readers can understand and keep them in their minds for a long time and clearly.

The best way to master non-literal material is to study carefully the first table, curve, diagram, or picture encountered while reading the assigned lessons.This sounds like the hardest way to study, but here's what readers can actually do: Readers will learn a study technique that will be useful today, tomorrow, and for many assignments to come.At the same time, when readers use this method, they will become more and more proficient.Also, important material that must be learned anyway can be learned more directly and efficiently.Finally, having a piece of work done well, and doing it well before the exam, will give the reader a boost.

Plus, there is no difficulty in reading charted material.These materials are expertly designed, and each chart contains the following 4 important features:
(1) Directly.Charts draw readers' attention immediately to the information they see.

(2) Concise.Information is compactly arranged in diagrams, omitting unnecessary detail.

(3) clear.The form and meaning of vision are clearly expressed.

(4) Precise.Data are carefully checked and only graphs are used that do not distort the data.

With these intrinsic properties, visuals are neither complicated nor ambiguous.But you still have to know how to read them.Once the reader is able to do this, he will find that reading charts is not only a pleasure, but also a nice break from the continual flow of reading the printed word.

2.How to read graph data

Here are some suggestions for reading graphic material, especially tables.

(1) Take a rough look at the graph.Take a quick look at the graph to get a general impression.

(2) Read the title of the chart.Read the title carefully, because the title can often tell the reader what the data in the table represents.Where was it collected and when was it collected.Of course, the title also tells the reader what the chart is about.

(3) See the variable unit clearly.For example, there is a big difference between a percentage in a whole and the actual measured size.Also note whether the chart is counting from zero or from some other measure.

(4) Check the title or description.Take a look at the column (vertical) and row (horizontal) headings in the table to see what they represent.Read the description next to the central axis in the diagram again.

(5) Read footnotes and eyebrow comments.Footnotes and headers, if present, provide additional information to the reader, and are often explanatory notes for symbols in the figure.

3.how to read pictures

Drawings should be analyzed systematically.Here's how to analyze it:

(1) Read the title of the picture.See where it's depicted, and also read the full logo and description.

(2) Take a rough look at the picture and look for the "information" it conveys.

(3) Look at the different parts of the picture.Work out every detail like Sherlock Holmes.At this point the reader will be surprised by what he finds.

(4) Find out the connection between the picture and the text.Ask yourself: "Why put a picture?"

In short, readers should try to generalize and reason about the information they get from the pictures.

How to review notes?

Three key findings from research on note-taking and learning outcomes.

First, taking notes does not affect listening and comprehension, in fact it helps listening.

Second, students who reviewed or memorized their notes after class memorized one and a half times more than students who did not review after six weeks.

Third, students who do not take notes or take notes without reviewing will forget about 80% of the lecture content after two weeks.From these findings, we can conclude that students who take extensive notes and review them several times immediately after class or before exams master 90% to 100% of the material!In other words, by not taking notes, you are putting yourself at a disadvantage.

Preparing and previewing the textbook content in advance will make it easy for the listeners to follow the progress of the lecture content.In the classroom, find a seat close to the teacher, so that you can hear clearly and read the words written on the blackboard.The teacher should take notes as soon as the lecture starts, and don't stop writing until the notes for the whole lecture are completed.

Don't try to write down verbatim what the teacher says.Instead, write in a concise style, either in your own words or in the teacher's own words.In particular, make a note of any vivid attention-grabbing words used by the teacher, which will later help the listeners recall the teacher's arguments.Remember, the purpose of taking notes is to review the ideas presented by the teacher later.Instead of comparing the precise words used by the teacher, trying to find corresponding synonyms to completely paraphrase these words is a waste of precious time.Later, when there is time to reflect, describe, and more fully understand the teacher's thoughts, use your own words.

Jot down major and minor concepts, examples and details in notes.Listen to the talk with enough knowledge to conceptualize each concept as fully as possible.If the listener can hear the teacher's major and minor headings, write them down as well, they will help organize their thoughts and arguments.Don't use the fact that you can't hear the teacher's title as an excuse for not taking notes.

Listen carefully while taking notes, but don't pause to think about the points the teacher is making, because the teacher may be on to the fourth or fifth question by the time the listener has considered the first question.It is important to think about these questions, but it should be thought about carefully after class, where the task is to capture the teacher's point of view.

If a teacher speaks too quickly to take notes as usual, try the two-page method.

That is, on the left page, only write down the central idea in a rough and informal form, and be sure to grasp the main words.Immediately after the lecture is over, or during an interval between lectures, jot down on the right-hand page as many details as you can remember, aligning the details with the point they are intended to prove, so that, on the left-hand page, there is a summary Carefully write down the important information knowledge of this class, they can come in handy when reviewing, on the right side of the paper, there are some arguments to prove the argument.

Do not use a tape recorder or cassette recorder as a substitute for class notes.This will make the listeners spend more time.Because after recording a class, you cannot review it in 5 or 10 minutes, but you must replay the whole class from beginning to end.And you don't get the benefits of note-taking. Note-taking requires attention, concentration, and organization that the action can give. At the same time, you can't see the connections between various thoughts, but when they are written on paper , you can see clearly.

Also, in order to save time, the lecturers should not use shorthand to take notes, nor should they scribble and expect to retype the notes.Because writing shorthand materials in words and typing out scribbled notes will take up time and energy for study or entertainment, and you have to do some miscellaneous work to use your own notes.In contrast, notes taken in ordinary notation can be used immediately.

Notes must be legible and complete.In this way, after a few months, I can still understand their meaning.The notes should be neat, so that a classmate who has not attended class can understand it.Also, when reviewing notes and trying to concentrate on understanding their meaning, my mind will not get bogged down in illegible handwriting.If the handwriting in the notes is unclear, you have to review while identifying, and then review some and identify some.In this way, not only is time wasted, but also personal energy is spent on unnecessary work.

Taking notes can not only help the listeners to concentrate on listening to the lecture, but also provide valuable learning materials for the listeners.In order to get the best out of this study material, it is necessary to review the content of the notes several times.

1.As soon as the class is over, it's time to start reviewing

As the attendees walk to another building to attend the next class, they can recall the main points of the teacher's lecture.Think back to the classroom atmosphere and the teacher and even the teacher's posture, emphasis, and notes on the blackboard.This helps the listener's brain to retain the main points and ideas the teacher has taught, and to clear up ambiguous arguments.Ask yourself, what does the teacher mean by what he says, what is his main argument?Before the next class, write down some questions to ask the teacher or some points that are unclear.

2.Start reviewing your notes carefully at every opportunity
When the content of the class is still fresh in your memory, through review, you can fill in the corresponding content in the blank space in the notes, and answer some questions that arise during the review of the lecture in your mind.Also write down the questions that arise during the review process.By reviewing, supplement the overall concept of the lecture content and find out its main arguments or ideas (when looking at the class as a whole, you will find that many arguments have more significance).Complete the notes as needed, arrange to see the teacher before class or in the office, discuss your own problems, and then write the answers in your notes, otherwise, you will not understand them.

This type of review may take 10-15 minutes when the notes are "cold".But review them later without spending hours figuring them out.Reviewing also prepares you for the next class, which may start exactly where it now ends.

Before you need to restore your memory or review for the exam, you can also review the contents of the notes again.That is to say, treat the notes as a handwritten book and use it like a textbook.If the notes are done perfectly, then the effect will be great.Because what the teachers want to test the listeners is the content of the courses they teach. As for whether the content is in the textbook or taught, they will not pay attention.

3.Make taking good notes a habit

A pile of unorganized, scribbled, and unorganized notes is of little value. For notes to be useful, they must be organized so that you can easily find the material you need and understand it right away. This requires order.Below are 20 general suggestions for note-taking, which generally point to being alert, organized, and systematic, while not missing anything.

(1) Persist in attending lectures.The method of lecturing is the backbone of any course, and a complete handwritten note is the key to success.

(2) Organize lecture notes.Keep notebooks for each class in one place.Each class should have its own notebook.

(3) Use large note paper to write on.This will allow you to see the formatting of your notes.

(4) For each lecture, write the course title, number, date, and the name of the lecturer on the first page of the notes.This way notes are never lost or confused with other notes.

(5) Do not doodle or weave anything in class.These hand movements interfere with note-taking, interfere with concentration, and interrupt eye contact with the teacher.

(6) Be aggressive in your studies.We must work hard to concentrate on the habit of recording the teacher's explanation of each topic.

(7) It is necessary to recognize the teacher's lecture format.Teachers usually speak from a set of notes, so they follow their own organizational format, and they must look for this format.

(8) The handwriting of the notes should be clear, so as to save time when reviewing in the future.

(9) Make notes intact and clean, so weeks or months later you will know what they mean.But it is not necessary to record in complete sentences, because note-taking is a process of selection, compression and generalization.

(10) For words, phrases or thoughts that may be missed, leave spaces for them in the notes, and ask teachers or classmates for advice immediately after class to fill in these blanks.

(11) Have your own counting and indentation methods.Don't indent so much that the words on the right side of the page are squeezed too tightly together with only a small space.

(12) Common words and some frequently occurring terms should be abbreviated.This saves more listening and writing time.

(13) Use symbols (such as asterisks, arrows, or draw lines on them) to mark out the teacher's emphasis.

(14) Make a separate list of assignments that are mixed in with the lecture, and likewise, make a separate list of books or other references that the teacher mentions.These are valuable guides when reading further.

(15) Write your own thoughts separately from the teacher's.It is good practice to write down questions, self-generated examples, ideas and references, but be sure to indicate in brackets or other symbols that these are your own ideas and not the teacher's.

(16) Be alert and flexible about clues.Teachers often say, "You'll figure this out later," "This is important," or "This is a common mistake."Off the sidelines, note such clues or important words with an asterisk or other symbol.Pay attention to enumerative words: "Here are the four steps in the process," as well as "finally," "therefore," and "and," as such words may be followed by important content.Watch out for other transitions, phrases, or sentences that may signal that one main idea has been stated and another one is on.

(17) Write down the examples given by the teacher.These examples often illustrate abstract ideas.Marking them with a special notation such as EX is an example.

(18) At the end of the teacher's lecture, pay as close attention as at the beginning of the lecture.Since the pace at which the teacher lectures is not always precisely calculated, record these tightly packed endings as quickly as possible.If necessary, after class, you can stay in your seat for a few more minutes and write down everything you can remember.

(19) Write down your other thoughts immediately after class.

(20) Review the contents of the notes after class, and improve the structure of the notes if necessary.

Like any other skill, listening to lectures and taking notes takes practice.If you really work hard, you will soon be able to keep up with the fastest lecturer.In this way, notes can become the most important tool when reviewing.

Pre-exam review in stages

The review process is a process of integrating and sorting out knowledge, and it is also a process of further improvement.Some students are not targeted and planned in the review process, and the review effect is poor.The correct method should be to divide the review into stages: in the initial stage, the textbook knowledge and basic things should be firmly grasped, and the pursuit of comprehensiveness should be pursued.Review all the edges, twigs and twigs.Then the second step is to establish a subject system, establish a knowledge context in your mind, and strive to have a high-level grasp of the knowledge you have learned.Finally, through a large number of exercises, you can train your problem-solving skills and improve your problem-solving ability.

Teacher Wang Gang is a Chinese teacher in the third year of senior high school. He has represented the graduating class for many years and has achieved outstanding results every year. His trick is to review in stages.

He divided the review of the third year of high school into three stages.The first round of review is called the basic review stage. At this stage, he requires students to read the textbook in an all-round way, check for omissions and make up for gaps, and remove obstacles in understanding.On this basis, all kinds of knowledge are sorted out and summarized to make the knowledge systematized.The main object of this round of review is basic knowledge, mainly emphasizing "comprehensive" and "systematic".

(End of this chapter)