Emperor Liu Hong

() Compared with military reform, there are obviously many more things Liu Hong can refer to in political reform.All kinds of systems in ancient and modern China and abroad are densely packed, and Liu Hong is dazzled.This is not as good as military reform, where there is no choice.

Political reforms include a large list, such as official system reforms, tax reforms, land reforms, title reforms, and so on.This is a series of problems. If you want to go through all of them, even if there is no resistance, it will not be completed in a short time.

Liu Hong is a lazy person, if you let him tinker with this all day, it will definitely be more painful than killing him.So now, if he wants to make reforms, it is just the reform of the official system.This is also done for the convenience of his enjoyment, otherwise he would not bother to do it.

In fact, what Liu Hong wants most is to establish a constitutional monarchy.In that case, he can be aboveboard, hand over all the government affairs, and enjoy a good life by himself.But Liu Hong also knew that this idea was not realistic.With his current prestige, if he dares to do this, the most likely thing is that he will be completely kicked out of power.

Liu Hong knows that any change is dangerous. To reduce the risk, it is necessary to set a certain degree and control the political change within this degree.It is definitely not a good thing if the political change takes too many steps. Liu Hong has to consider the lessons learned by Wang Mang.

In Liu Hong's view, many of Wang Mang's changes are good, but a little ahead of his time.

For example, the land is state-owned, and private persons are not allowed to buy and sell, and the ancient well field system that was abolished 200 years ago is restored.Cultivated land is redistributed, and farmers (tenant farmers) who do not have land will be given land by the zheng fu.

The slavery system was frozen, although it was not abolished immediately, but all slaves and maidservants were prohibited from continuing to trade.It is used to limit the scope of slaves, and the number will not expand, so that it will eventually disappear naturally.

For forced labor, every unemployed person will be fined one bolt of cloth every year.Those who are unable to pay will be forced to do servitude by the government. During the period of servitude, the government will issue currency uniformly (any rich man in the past could make silver money, and the new government will take back this authorization).The natural resources in the mountains and waters are all owned by the state and exploited by the imperial court.

Establish a loan system, people can borrow money from the government for sacrifices or funeral needs, and no interest is charged.However, for loans for the purpose of operating agricultural and commercial businesses, the government charges one-tenth of the net profit as principal and interest.

Implement a planned economy, let the government control prices, and prevent businessmen from manipulating the market, so as to eliminate inequality between rich and poor.Daily necessities such as grain, cloth and silk are bought by the government according to the cost when the supply exceeds the demand.When demand exceeds supply, zheng fu is sold immediately to prevent price rises.

Income tax is collected, and all industries and commerce, including fishing and hunting, divination, doctors, hotels, and women's families raising silkworms and weaving cloth, used to be operated freely by you, and his government levied an income tax of one-tenth of the net profit. Zheng Fu used this income as a loan or as funds to stabilize prices.

Moreover, Wang Mang also attaches great importance to education, encourages invention, and is extremely hostile to foreigners.From these aspects, no matter how you look at it, Wang Mang looks like a time traveler, and he is also an angry youth time traveler.

But because Wang Mang's reform was so advanced, the whole country opposed it.Let him, a traverser, be wiped out by a local native.It has to be said that this is the sorrow of a time traveler, and Liu Hong is now deeply wary of this.

Now constitutional monarchy is definitely not allowed. For this era, this system has taken too many steps, and it is easy to mess up.Therefore, Liu Hong must consider a system suitable for this era.

Although Liu Hong is not a perfectionist, for this system, Liu Hong still wants him to be as perfect as possible.After all, he didn't want his descendants, like other emperors, to be exterminated when the dynasty changed.

The change of dynasties in all dynasties was caused by the fierce conflict between the court and the people.In order to solve it fundamentally, it is necessary to eliminate the contradiction.But to a certain extent, this contradiction is unavoidable.Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of the emperor, it is necessary to transfer this contradiction.

But how to transfer this contradiction?This is a question that needs to be carefully considered.

The functions of the imperial court, according to later generations, are the three major powers of administration, judiciary, and legislation.But Liu Hong feels that this is not too detailed.According to his classification, it should be the four rights of management, legislation, supervision and adjudication.And the thing that is most likely to conflict with the people here is management.So if you want to transfer the conflict, the best way is to throw this management matter to others.

Although this method is good, Liu Hong is most willing to accept it.However, this method cannot be implemented.Because if it is really done like this, it will be no different from a constitutional monarchy.

Since that doesn't work, in order to divert the conflict, Liu Hong can only consider letting the common people participate in the functions of the court.Among the four items of management, legislation, supervision and adjudication, except that management can only be carried out by officials, the others, in Liu Hong's view, can involve the common people.

Examples of these can be found in later generations.For example, most of the congresses in charge of legislation in foreign countries are people without official positions.And the verdict is a jury composed of ordinary people.As for supervision, the people of later generations will participate even more.So it is absolutely feasible to let the people participate.

The management of the imperial court is divided into central yang and local areas, and the difference is not very big.To a certain extent, a place is just a small zhongyang.Therefore, the local institutions only need to simplify the central and yang institutions.

According to Liu Hong's idea, he set up a House of Representatives elected entirely by the people at the local level, and set up a Congress in central Yang, and members of the Congress must be elected from the House of Representatives.Since the House of Representatives is fully elected, Congress is not controlled by officials.To a certain extent, public opinion can be expressed.

Although the Congress established by Liu Hong was also initiated by the emperor, the emperor can abolish it at any time.However, it is significantly different from the congresses of later generations of foreign countries.It is mainly Liu Hong, who has a lot of functions assigned to it, such as drafting laws, managing the treasury, reviewing various resolutions, plans and expenditures proposed by the prime minister, supervising various departments of the State Council, recommending and impeaching the prime minister, and reviewing executed prisoners, etc. wait.

Although Congress has a supervisory function, it is not its main function.The imperial court also has a special supervisory agency, the Metropolitan Procuratorate.The Metropolitan Procuratorate is completely independent of the various departments, and is in charge of the Yushi, who are in charge of Zuodu Yushi and Youdu Yushi, who are respectively in charge of a team of Yushi.Zuodu censor inspects hundreds of officials, and Youdu censor inspects the localities. Branches are set up in various places in the Han Dynasty.Regardless of the censor of the left capital or the censor of the right capital, they belong to vertical management and are directly responsible to the emperor, and no one is allowed to intervene.

The ruling Liu Hong named it Dali Temple, which is also a department separate from other departments.Under the command of Dali Temple Minister, led the judges, and set up trial courts in various places.But it is different from the supervisory department, because of its functions, it is easy to cause conflicts with the people.Therefore, Liu Hong directly introduced the jury system in trial courts everywhere, and the jurors had the final say on who was guilty or not.In this way, conflicts between the court and the people can be effectively avoided.

Both censors and judges are independent, directly appointed by the emperor, and are responsible for supervision and trial.However, because they have too much power, they must be appointed in different places, and they must be rotated once every three years.