The videos I watched became popular in ancient times

Chapter 244 China’s first ideological liberation movement in modern times
The rulers of various dynasties had already anticipated the final outcome of the Reform Movement of 1898.

As rulers, they know best how difficult it is to promote reforms, and it is no exaggeration to say that it is difficult.

After all, once the law is reformed, it will inevitably touch the interests of many people and attract the obstruction of many opponents.

As rulers of various dynasties, it is still difficult for them to reform.

The reformists had no real power, no political experience, and not enough supporters.

Under such disadvantageous conditions, wanting the Reform Movement of 1898 to succeed is tantamount to wishful thinking.

Reform is not a child's play, but a life-and-death political struggle. The reformers are obviously no match for the opposition.

However, although the Reform Movement of 1898 ended dismally, the rulers of each dynasty knew very well that it was not without gains.

At least the Reform Movement of 1898 aroused people's dissatisfaction with the Qing government in the late Qing Dynasty and promoted the ideological liberation movement of the Chinese nation.

The emperors of various dynasties had a vague feeling that as the Wanqing people became more and more intolerable to the Qing government's cowardice and incompetence, sooner or later they would rise up and attack it.

"After the Reform, it took three hundred years for Western countries to become rich and strong, Japan became strong after thirty years of reform, and China became independent in three years."

"After that, he will prosper day by day, and he will be able to control all nations with wealth and strength. With the emperor's sage wisdom and determination to reform, he will become rich and powerful easily."

He thought Kang Youwei had some brilliant insights, but he was disappointed.

"Kang Youwei sarcastically said, if you kill a few first- and second-grade officials, the law will change. Ronglu's expression changed greatly after hearing this."

Not to mention other things, just the abolition of the imperial examination system will attract thousands of scholars to criticize.

"This made Guangxu feel more relaxed. Guangxu and Kang Youwei were extremely excited at this time."

"Guangxu also actively summoned reformist members to listen to suggestions and basically followed Kang Youwei's suggestions to abolish the old and establish the new in all aspects of economy, military, culture and education."

Ying Zheng: He is indeed a scholarly advocate who does not understand politics. He talks so boldly, so it is no wonder that he ultimately failed.

"In the minds of both Kang Youwei and the conservatives, this reform is a fight to the death."

He originally had a good impression of Kang Youwei. After all, he was working hard to save the Chinese nation.

He had never seen such a stupid person, arrogantly saying that he wanted to kill a first-grade official in front of him.

Even if you want to get rid of the opposition and implement reforms, you can't say it openly, especially in front of first-level officials.

"Kang Youwei stated to Guangxu that China, forced and divided by foreign countries, had reached a critical juncture of life and death and could not strengthen itself without reform."

"On the political front, it is recommended to abolish women's foot binding, open a government council, establish a constitution, and establish a parliament."

He also understood that Kang Youwei's intention to abolish the imperial examination was simply to learn Western educational knowledge.

"Kang Youwei said that reform was necessary, and Ronglu said that a reform that lasted a hundred or two hundred years could change overnight."

"Rong Lu asked Kang Youwei, with your great talent, is there any way to remedy the situation?"

"Since then, Kang Youwei has continued to submit memorials and proposed reform plans in just three months, including political, economic, military, cultural and educational aspects."

Li Shimin: Abolish the imperial examination? I'm afraid this is going to cause trouble.

But now it seems that he thinks highly of this scholar who speaks freely.

Such arrogance and ignorance will do no good except attract the hatred of conservatives.

“On the economic front, it requires protecting industry and commerce, rewarding innovation, and building railroads.”

"Cixi, who lived in the Summer Palace, also expressed that it did not violate the ancestral system and you can make your own decision."

"In terms of military affairs, we should abolish martial arts tests such as bow-drawing, require retraining the army and navy, and learn from Japan and Germany in an all-round way."

Although there is a desire to reform and save the country, it is still far from enough without the ability. This is also a common problem among scholars who like to talk empty talk.

"Kang Youwei's arrogance made him suffer additional hatred from conservatives. Kang Youwei has become a thorn in the side of conservative officials."

"In terms of culture and education, it is proposed to abolish the imperial examinations, translate new books, send foreign students, and open new schools."

"Six days later, Guangxu finally met Kang Youwei, and this was the only time he summoned him."

From here he can see that Kang Youwei's political ability is extremely low and he cannot achieve great things.

"Rong Lu was already a senior official in the court when he was in his thirties, so he looked down on Kang Youwei."

"Guangxu was very excited and thought Kang Youwei's words were very logical."

"An episode also happened at this time. While Kang Youwei was waiting for Guangxu's summons, he had a conversation with Ronglu."

"Emperor Guangxu was also very diligent during this stage. At that time, new policies were promulgated almost every day, which showed Guangxu's urgency and determination to reform and save the country."

Although there is nothing wrong with learning the enemy's excellent knowledge to enhance the Chinese nation's own strength, Kang Youwei ignored the political consciousness.

Regarding the series of reform measures proposed by Kang Youwei, he couldn't help but shake his head in disappointment.

Originally, Kang Youwei's reformers had little real power and could not get the support of the majority of people.

"Kang Youwei took advantage of the trend and proposed to set up a bank, abolish stereotyped writing, translate new books, cultivate talents, and recommended the appointment of young people to implement reforms."

"Although this statement is a rumor, it was widely circulated at the time."

“The entire ancient Chinese empire was shrouded in the light of hope, and the glorious road to becoming a powerful country opened ahead. However, the conservatives pulled them away from their dream.”

Originally, Kang Youwei and other reformists were already facing opposition from so many officials. They did not think about how to mediate among them to promote the development of the reform. Instead, they brazenly wanted to kill others.

"Guangxu issued the "Edict to Mingdongguo" and set the national reform policy."

As a result, now I have directly offended scholars all over the world, which is completely asking for death.

If the imperial examinations that have been held for thousands of years are directly abolished, what will happen to those scholars who study hard in poverty? Doesn't this directly interrupt their career?

It is conceivable that the moment Kang Youwei and other reformers announced that they would abolish the imperial examination, they would definitely arouse a siege from scholars all over the world.

Reforms are not accomplished overnight and need to be carried out slowly, especially policy reforms with such important implications as the abolition of the imperial examination.

Even if you want to abolish the imperial examination, you should give scholars around the world time to transition.

His overall feeling was that Kang Youwei was too hasty in his reforms and had no political experience at all.

"The reform ideas of Guangxu and Kang Youwei were actually not completely consistent, especially on the key issue of where to change China."

"Of course Guangxu knew that reform would not be enough to save China, and of course he did not want to be the leader of the country's subjugation."

"But for the Qing government, the country in danger is not the country of the Chinese people, but the Manchu Qing government."

"What Guangxu wants to protect is his own rule, not the Chinese people."

"At that time, there were frequent peasant riots, party struggles, Hui uprisings, and the revolutionary Guangzhou uprising. The Qing Dynasty's rule was on the verge of collapse."

"From this perspective, Guangxu wanted to win over the reformists at the time to consolidate his power."

"The civil rights advocated by the reformists represented by Kang Youwei and the convening of parliament were completely outside the scope of Guangxu's consideration."

"Kang Youwei's reform was to transform feudal China into capitalist China, while Guangxu only carried out reforms on the original basis of feudalism and had no intention of introducing capitalism into China."

"Guangxu and Cixi were consistent in using reforms to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty."

“In this sense, the reform reforms were the product of a compromise between bourgeois reformists and some conservative bureaucrats.”

"And even this compromise met with fierce resistance from old-school officials."

"Although Guangxu is full of blood and wants to have a big fight."

"However, local officials, except for the governor of Hunan who handled the matter seriously, found various excuses and did not implement it, either pretending to do it or taking a wait-and-see attitude."

"At that time, when the Eight-legged Legislation Order was abolished, those scholars who had been obsessed with studying for the imperial examination for decades immediately came out to oppose it."

"Abolition of redundant officials will cut off the livelihood of a large number of bureaucrats."

"If you disarmament and save money, those feudal warlords will not do it."

"From Guangxu's point of view, you people have taken my words as nothing. I have asked the country to unite as one and reform together, but these people are just coping."

"With the continuous promulgation of reform regulations, the reformists and Guangxu increasingly felt the obstruction and constraints of the conservative party from reform."

The rulers of various dynasties understood Guangxu's thoughts very well. A country is a country for the rulers, not for the common people.

In the feudal dynasty of the family world, as the rulers of the dynasty, their most important thing is to consider how to protect the country that belongs to the royal family.

As emperors of a feudal dynasty, they naturally sided with Guangxu.

After all, in a dynasty where imperial power is supreme, it is absolutely unacceptable to share power with the common people.

As for the civil rights and parliament promoted by Kang Youwei, they were undoubtedly dividing the power in the hands of the rulers, and would naturally not be accepted by the rulers.

If one day in the future their dynasty encounters the same situation that Guangxu faced, I am afraid they will have the same idea as Guangxu and are unwilling to give any power to the people.

As for Guangxu's opposition from the conservative faction, they were not surprised.

After all, Guangxu had no real power, and since the reform touched the interests of the conservative faction, it was only natural for the opposition to block it.

"Guangxu became increasingly impatient and finally broke out."

“If you speak with intention to obstruct and disregard the overall situation, you must be severely punished.”

"The contradiction between reform and conservatism, Guangxu and Cixi reached a critical point, and finally began to fully erupt in September."

"At that time, many reformists were petty officials, and they had to deliver letters to the emperor on their behalf. Many conservative ministers were unwilling to deliver them on their behalf."

"After a petition submitted by the reformist Wang Zhao was rejected by the conservatives, the Kang Party reported it to Guangxu."

"Guangxu was furious when he found out. Guangxu had already issued orders to encourage people to submit letters to ensure smooth communication."

"The conservative ministers are blocking the way of speech, sabotaging the reform, and contemptuous of the emperor's authority."

"On September 9th, the angry Guangxu did not report to Cixi for the first time and made the decision on his own without authorization."

"Remove the six officials of the Ministry of Rites from the conservative faction who are unwilling to deliver the royal memorial, and let four reformists join the Military Aircraft Department the next day."

"These dismissed officials were originally the confidants of the Hou Party. They immediately ran to Cixi and cried, begging Kang Youwei to be severely punished and to ask the Queen Mother for political guidance."

"Cixi was very sensitive to important matters such as the appointment of officials."

"Cixi's power comes from her own people placed in key positions. Removing officials is to reduce Cixi's power."

"And Cixi has experienced two coups and is an extremely sensitive person to power."

"For Cixi, although she is not necessarily opposed to the reform."

"But protecting your own rights is the first priority, and the national danger is the second."

"Guangxu can dismiss the sixth official of the Ministry of Rites now, the seventh official of the Ministry of Works tomorrow, and the eighth official of the Ministry of Personnel the day after tomorrow."

"This behavior affected Cixi's fundamental interests, and the fuse for the coup has been laid."

Liu Che: Guangxu was still impulsive and made the decision without considering the consequences.

Officials in such important positions as the Ministry of Rites will undoubtedly be firmly controlled by Cixi.

The source of a ruler's power is to have officials in key positions in the court obey him, so that he can firmly hold power.

The reason why Cixi was in charge of the situation behind the scenes was because all the key positions in the court belonged to her.

Now Guangxu was so impulsive that he would replace officials in important positions if he disagreed.

This kind of move will undoubtedly make Cixi, who holds the real power, sensitive and think that Guangxu is reducing his power.

Originally, Guangxu and Cixi had a bad relationship, but now that Guangxu has touched upon a sensitive power struggle, Cixi will definitely fight back.

"At this time, the conservative bureaucrats also saw the situation and took action. The old foxes of the conservative faction carried out the encirclement and suppression of the reformists step by step and prepared bit by bit."

"Dividing Guangxu and Cixi and leveraging the Queen Mother is the final step."

"Long before the reform began, a group of conservative forces had gathered to discuss deposing Guangxu."

"The imperial party Weng Tonghe had already been dismissed from office at the beginning of the reform and went home. Even the memorial to impeach Kang Youwei was handed out step by step in batches."

"These conservatives who have been in officialdom for a long time have backward ideas, but they are all good at playing politics."

"They know how to use what kind of language to influence and encourage Cixi at the right time, and how to deliver a fatal blow at the critical moment. They have long been perfected in the art of official struggle."

"They prepared in an orderly manner and were waiting for an opportunity."

"While the conservative bureaucrats were taking action step by step, the reformists also started their actions."

"Kang Youwei wanted to enter the center of power. He wrote several times asking for the establishment of a political body and the appointment of reformist members. His purpose was to oust conservative officials."

"After the removal of the six officials of the Ministry of Rites and the introduction of reformists into the military."

"The reformists who felt good about it immediately proposed opening a political body to allow the reformers to enter."

"On September 9, Guangxu formally proposed this proposal to Cixi."

"At this time, someone had already reported to Ciqi one after another about the Kang Party's chaotic government. Cixi, who was extremely sensitive to all kinds of rumors, exploded on the spot after hearing this."

"Of course Cixi knew very well that the establishment of political institutions was because the Kang Party wanted to seize power." "At this time, in Cixi's eyes, Guangxu was encroaching on his own rights step by step, and it had reached an intolerable level."

"Guangxu was deceived by the Kang Party. If this continues, the Qing Dynasty will lose people's hearts and the country will perish."

"Cixi dropped her words seriously. If you persist, you may lose your throne."

"Facing Cixi's naked threat, Emperor Guangxu was extremely shocked."

Kang Youwei: The failure of the reform has been revealed. It is because I did not consider everything comprehensively, which led to the current situation.

As the reform and reform progressed, he increasingly felt that it was a daydream to use Guangxu, a powerless emperor, to promote this huge reform.

He also gradually realized that the real power was in the hands of the conservative faction, led by the Empress Dowager Cixi, while there were only a few members of the reform faction, who did not have real power and did not have enough power to support them in carrying out reforms.

He now regrets that he did not take full advantage of Cixi's lack of opposition to the reform, but instead went against Cixi and other conservatives.

His immaturity and radical reform content eventually angered the Empress Dowager Cixi and aroused strong resistance from the conservative faction.

He couldn't help but guess that if the die-hards' tolerance could be taken into account and the reform was steady rather than radical, the reform might lead to another outcome.

But it is too late to say this now. The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 is irreversible.

"The next day Guangxu issued an extremely frustrating secret edict, asking Yang Rui to be taken out."

"Now Cixi is opposed to dismissing the old bureaucrats. If the reform is implemented, my position may not be guaranteed. I hope Kang You can give them advice."

"At this time, rumors have begun to spread in the capital that the Kang party has pre-opened the government hall, and later it is incompatible with the emperor."

"The old and new forces are already at war with each other, and the city of Beijing is filled with smoke."

"The next day, September 9, Guangxu issued two more edicts to Kang Youwei."

"There is an imperial edict asking him to go to Shanghai immediately to supervise the official newspaper. Obviously this is for Cixi."

"At this time, Kang Youwei claimed to have received the second secret edict. Guangxu explained to him the reason why he was asked to go to Shanghai to run a newspaper. He had no choice but to take care of his body and serve me in the future. I have high hopes."

"Kang Youwei, who received the emperor's secret edict, burst into tears and was ready to take action."

"After discussion with Kang Youwei and others, since the throne of the Holy Spirit is not guaranteed, there are two options to save the situation."

"The first was to seek help from Japanese and British imperialism, and the second was to kill the Empress Dowager Cixi in an armed coup."

"At this time, the reformers set their sights on Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai once stationed troops in Korea, knew foreign affairs, and had dealings with the Japanese."

"He also joined the Qiang Academy run by Kang Youwei. Now he is training at a small station in Tianjin. He is training for the new army. He seems to be a person who is inclined to reform."

"Yuan Shikai also had contacts with Kang Youwei and other reformists, and he praised Kang Youwei for his compassion for heaven and earth, and his talent for understanding the world."

"Kang Youwei felt that the only person with military power who could save Guangxu was Yuan Shikai."

Yuan Shikai: As an ambitious young man with a bright future, I don’t want to get involved with the reformists.

At first, Emperor Guangxu wanted to appoint Kang Youwei to carry out reforms, but Empress Dowager Cixi had no objection.

Under this circumstance, he adhered to the idea of ​​​​multiple friends and multiple paths to contact the reformers.

He is not saying that he supports the reform. It has nothing to do with him if the reform does not change the law, as long as it does not infringe on his interests.

But as the conflict between Guangxu and Cixi became more and more serious, he never interacted with the reformers again.

After all, there was Guangxu, who had no real power, and Kang Youwei, who did not understand politics, and Cixi, who was well versed in political struggles and had real power.

Since Guangxu and Cixi were in conflict, it was normal for him to choose to side with Cixi for the sake of his own future.

"On September 9 and 16, at the request of the Kang Party, Guangxu met with Yuan Shikai."

"At that time, Yuan Shikai was still a direct subordinate of Ronglu, and Guangxu clearly commended Yuan Shikai for his meritorious service in training the new army."

"And make Yuan Shikai separate from Ronglu and be directly responsible to Guangxu."

"At this time, it seems that Guangxu was completely unaware of Kang Youwei's intention of armed coup, but when Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao heard the news, they were amazed."

"The emperor is wise, Yuan Shikai must be happy and repay the favor now. The emperor is giving us a hint to allow the armed coup to continue."

"Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao took the risk and decided to ask for help from Britain and Japan while encouraging Yuan Shikai."

"At this time, former Japanese Prime Minister Ito Hirobumi came to China as a commoner. Ito Hirobumi was an important figure in promoting the Meiji Restoration."

"The situation in East Asia at that time was that Japan and Britain formed an alliance to fight against Russia. Kang Youwei's diplomatic idea has always been to unite Britain and Japan to counter Russia."

"Kang Youwei's reform reform modeled itself on Japan, and he highly praised Ito Hirobumi."

"I have long wanted to hire Ito Hirobumi as a reform consultant. Guangxu also has this intention and is preparing to summon Ito Hirobumi on the 20th."

"The conservatives who heard the news felt that the time had come. On the afternoon of September 9, members of the rear party came to commemorate Cixi."

"It is said that Kang Youwei rejected old bureaucrats and cultivated party members."

"Now that Ito Hirobumi has come to Beijing, he will take dictatorial power."

"After party officials stated that the world passed down by our ancestors would be handed over to others, Cixi was shocked after hearing this."

"On the 18th, Guangxu returned to the palace from the Summer Palace."

"That afternoon, Cixi received the memorial and immediately decided to return to the palace the next day."

"On the day Cixi decided to return to the palace, Kang Youwei's coup also began."

When the common people in the Wanqing period heard that Guangxu and Kang Youwei wanted to hire Ito Hirobumi as a reform consultant, they were instantly in an uproar, and they all accused Kang Youwei of colluding with the enemy.

The people know who Ito Hirobumi is.

It can be said that Ito Hirobumi was the biggest enemy of the Qing Dynasty and the culprit responsible for the humiliation of the Qing Dynasty.

Ito Hirobumi led Japan's Meiji Restoration, which greatly increased Japan's strength and launched the Sino-Japanese War of 1888-1895 to invade China.

Even after the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War, Ito Hirobumi and the Qing government signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which was humiliating and humiliating.

Now the Japanese enemy, who had brought great humiliation to China, came to the capital openly, was hired as a reform consultant by Emperor Guangxu and Kang Youwei, and became a guest of the Qing Dynasty. How could the people accept this?

"Kang Youwei met with Ito Hirobumi and told Ito Hirobumi about the differences between Guangxu and Cixi."

"Ito Hirobumi did not respond, but Kang Youwei understood. He only asked Ito Hirobumi to try to persuade Cixi to reform."

"That night, Tan Sitong, who was originally opposed to trusting Yuan Shikai, visited Yuan Shikai with the determination to die at Kang Youwei's insistence."

"If you kill Ronglu and surround the Summer Palace, you will be the number one contributor to saving the emperor."

"Yuan Shikai was shocked after hearing this and said on the surface that killing a Rong Lu was like killing a dog."

"But I thought that all my guns and gunpowder were with Ronglu. Xiaozhan in Tianjin only had 7000 troops and tens of thousands in the capital."

"On one side are the young emperor and the scholarly advocate who has no real power and does not understand politics."

"On the other side is Cixi, who has been in politics for a long time and experienced the baptism of power struggles."

"Yuan Shikai already has an answer, but Yuan Shikai did not explicitly agree or refuse."

"That night, Empress Dowager Cixi and Kang Youwei launched the attack at the same time."

"Guangxu, who knew nothing, had just returned from the Summer Palace. It might have been the last peaceful night in his life."

"In the early morning of September 9, Tan Sitong returned from meeting Yuan Shikai."

"Kang Youwei already knew that his plan to rebel against Yuan Shikai failed and the situation was over."

"Everyone advised Kang Youwei to leave. In addition, Guangxu had ordered Kang Youwei to leave Beijing. Kang Youwei decided to take a train to Tianjin the next morning."

"On September 9, under the close supervision of Cixi, Guangxu met with Ito Hirobumi and asked some questions about the reform."

"Yuan Shikai is also rushing to Ronglu non-stop, hurriedly reporting the coup to Ronglu."

Tan Sitong: I knew that Yuan Shikai was not trustworthy, and I should not put my hope in Yuan Shikai.

He had dealt with Yuan Shikai, and he could vaguely feel that Yuan Shikai did not really advocate reform, but was just talking politely.

Yuan Shikai gave him the feeling that he was a person who followed the trend and was not a patriotic person who was willing to fight for his ideals.

So when the teacher asked him to instigate Yuan Shikai, he knew that the possibility of success was slim.

After all, the conservative faction has Cixi's support, and people like Yuan Shikai will definitely choose to side with Cixi.

But at this time, everything was exhausted. Yuan Shikai, who had military power, was the only hope for a successful coup. So he risked his death to instigate Yuan Shikai.

But now it seems that everything is as he expected, Yuan Shikai chose to inform.

"On September 9, the coup was launched."

"I originally agreed to Cixi's reform plan."

"But I didn't expect you to be foolish and daring."

"You entered the palace at the age of five, and I worked hard to raise you. I don't feel sorry for you at all."

"You are not blessed to have a great career. You are like a puppet being played around by others."

"Then Guangxu announced that the country's affairs were difficult and he was too tired. The Queen Mother had always done things perfectly. For the sake of the ancestors and the country, he begged the Queen Mother to provide guidance."

"After Cixi's administration, her first clear edict was to capture Kang Youwei."

“6月11日到9月21日的103天，昙花一现的百日维新结束。”

"On September 9, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong made their last attempt."

"Asking for help from Japan and Britain, efforts to rescue Guangxu and Kang Youwei failed, and Liang Qichao took refuge in the Japanese embassy."

"On September 9, Tan Sitong went to the Japanese Embassy, ​​and Liang Qichao persuaded him to escape together."

"Tan Sitong said that reforms in various countries are all caused by bloodshed. Today, China has not heard of anyone who shed blood due to reforms. The reason why this country is not prosperous is that Tan Sitong started."

"And he said, I am going to die, but you have to continue to live. Now that Kang Youwei's life or death is uncertain, the important responsibility of continuing to plan for the future is left to you."

"At this time, Yuan Shikai's informant reached Cixi, who issued an order to capture Tan Sitong, and Guangxu completely lost his personal freedom."

"On September 9, the Six Gentlemen of Wuxu died heroically at Caishikou outside Xuanwumen, Beijing."

The emperors of all dynasties were all deeply moved by Tan Sitong's heroic sacrifice, and felt great admiration in their hearts.

Although they had the opportunity to escape, they willingly chose to die for their ideals of reform. This spirit deeply touched their hearts.

Zhu Di: Tan Sitong wanted to use his own blood to awaken the people's dissatisfaction with the Manchu government!
He deeply admired Tan Sitong. Not everyone could achieve such fearless behavior.

Tan Sitong's heroic sacrifice not only shocked the rulers of various dynasties, but also shocked the common people in the late Qing Dynasty.

In particular, intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty admired Tan Sitong, but they also understood that the path of reform was completely unworkable in China. Only the revolutionary overthrow of the Manchu Qing government could save the people of China.

"The Reform Movement of 1898 failed. All the New Deals promulgated during the Reform Movement of 1898 were abolished except for the Capital University."

“The light of hope that had just been ignited throughout the Chinese Empire was immediately extinguished, and the Chinese people once again fell into collective confusion.”

"The national crisis has not been resolved and imperialist aggression is deepening. Where will China go?"

"There are many explanations for the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, because Kang Youwei's policies were too radical, his political experience was not rich, and he was too arrogant, making enemies everywhere."

"It was also because Emperor Guangxu was too young and had no rights. Of course, these are one of the reasons."

“However, fundamentally the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 was the failure of the weak national bourgeoisie’s attempt to save the country.”

"Kang Youwei advocated civil rights, but essentially he did not advocate the rights of the Chinese working people, but only the participation of some intellectuals."

"Kang Youwei is out of touch with the vast majority of the Chinese people. The weak and budding bourgeoisie has no power and can only compromise with various forces and grovel everywhere."

"Cooperating with the imperial party is a compromise with the feudal landlords, and trying to introduce Ito Hirobumi is a compromise with imperialism."

"In the face of all kinds of obstructions from the feudal die-hard forces, we are ultimately vulnerable."

"Although the Reform Reform failed, it greatly enlightened the Chinese people at that time and the concept of civil rights was widely spread, and the authority of the feudal emperor was shaken."

"This also laid a solid foundation for the subsequent revolution. From then on, the theory of republican revolution began to replace the reform and reform."

The Reform Movement of 1898, which was intended to save the nation, ultimately failed. The intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty had a very complicated attitude.

The Chinese nation suffered a catastrophe, and their intellectuals pinned their only hope on the Reform Movement of 1898.

But now that the Reform Movement of 1898 ended in failure, they felt very unhappy.

Many people with lofty ideals began to think about the reasons for the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898. They believed that the impetuous reform actions of the reformists and the lack of manpower to implement a large number of measures were an important reason.

The reform actions of the Reform Movement of 1898 were carried out in a hurry. The reformers did not take into account the emergence of a new thing and the process of acceptance by the public.

In addition, many people with real power at that time were still conservatives, and the reformers had laws but lacked the manpower to implement them.

At this moment, many intellectuals are thinking about studying abroad and finding ways to save the Chinese nation and bringing them back.

(End of this chapter)