In the Southern Song Dynasty, I competed with Mongolia for the world

Chapter 332 The total strength of the Mongolian army at this time

According to Puheli, Choermahan has been stationed in northwest Persia. He established fixed headquarters on the Mugan and Alan plains downstream of the Kura River and the Arras River, because this grassland is rich in water and grass and suitable for to his cavalry.

"Do you know how many soldiers and horses the Mongolian army has in Persia?" Zhao Yurui asked.

Pu Heli was a little embarrassed. After all, it was not easy to obtain. He could only say: "When the Mongolian army first came, there were only [-] people. They conquered many places one after another, including surrendering a large number of Zalandin's soldiers and horses."

"Now there are at least more than 20, or even close to [-]."

The Mongolian army can rule the vast Persia, and its military strength must be relatively large.

"Very good, Pu Heli, you have made great contributions to me, and I will never forget you." Zhao Yurui praised him at the right time, and Pu Heli was naturally elated.

In fact, Zhao Yurui also sent a spy to Persia, and he also knew the actions of the Mongolian army there. Now when compared with what Pu Heli said, they are basically the same, which proves that Pu Heli did not deal with him.

The three of them talked again, and Pu Heli called in some Persian craftsmen.

Among them are craftsmen who can build super ships with [-] materials, and craftsmen who can handle oil.

Zhao and Rui first met with Aisil, a craftsman who knew how to handle oil.

Aixir accurately said that he was a businessman. Later, when he encountered the Mongolian army, he had no choice but to throw away his wealth and run away for his life. Now he has no wealth. He heard that he could make money in the Song Dynasty, so he followed him.

He can handle oil, and he was involved in the asphalt roads in some places in Persia.

Asil went up to meet His Majesty the Emperor of the Song Dynasty, and then told him that the oil could be decomposed by heating at high temperatures to obtain asphalt.

At this time, he thought that the Song emperor just wanted to get asphalt.

"We need to use glass to make tools." He finally said.

Pu Heli responded immediately. He also found the best glass craftsmen from Dashi, Persia and other places.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, people in the Song Dynasty called glass products from abroad and Liuli products from China. It sounds like the higher-end domestic products, but in fact they are all the same.

As early as the fourth century ago, the ancient Romans began to use glass in doors and windows, which was really far ahead.

By the twelfth century, commercial glass was officially available.

By 1291, glass-making technology in Italy, a small European country, was already very advanced.

At that time, Italian glass craftsmen were sent to an isolated island to produce glass. They were not allowed to leave the island during their lives, which became a monopolized production process in Italy.

But there is no airtight wall in the world, and the manufacturing skills of commercial glass soon spread throughout Europe, and then to China and Persia.

On the other hand, China did not lag behind. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Egyptian glass products were spread from the Indian Ocean to the southern coast of China, and were quickly learned by craftsmen in Jiaozhou and Guangzhou.

But I don’t know if it was due to the war. After the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the glass manufacturing technology mastered by craftsmen in Jiaozhou and Guangzhou was lost.

After entering the Tang Dynasty, the glass we made was still substandard. It would explode if it was too cold or too hot. It was not practical and only for ornamental purposes.

From then on, it was not until the Song Dynasty that due to trade with the cannibals, the craftsmen of the Song Dynasty finally figured out the secret of glass's high temperature resistance. It turned out that Nanhu sand (sodium carbonate and borax) was added to the raw materials for making it. It was already over 200 years ago. Years of time.

Therefore, there is now a lot of self-produced glass in the Southern Song Dynasty, which is mainly sold to Goryeo and Japan, as well as wealthy households in China.

But now the craftsmen who can make glass are all along the coast, especially in Fujian and Guangdong. They are rare even in Jiangnan and Zhejiang. This means that Zhao Yurui's palace does not have many glass products.

Of course, Ning Zong was frugal during his time, so they were rare in the palace.

On the contrary, it was the first time for Zhao Yurui and his brother to enter the Prime Minister's Mansion, and there were many in Shi Miyuan's family.

Asier said that glass is needed to make fractionating towers and fractionators, and then heated, paying attention to controlling the temperature.

Generally speaking, if the temperature is too low, excessive polymerization and crystallization will occur. If the temperature is too high, it will be prone to cracking and decarburization, and the efficiency will be very low.

There are many terms that do not exist in this era, and Aisil cannot express them, but Zhao Yurui can understand them as soon as he hears them.

Asier's understanding is that temperatures that are too high are dangerous and will fail, and temperatures that are too low cannot separate the asphalt.

Zhao Yurui then asked: "What do you use to refuel? How do you control the temperature?"

"Make a furnace with mud bricks and iron barrels, then use fixed coal or charcoal to burn it, and then observe the temperature-"

Because there is no thermometer, you have to look at the speed of oil and gas separation to roughly judge the temperature. If the temperature is too high, use cold water to cool it down, or reduce the amount of charcoal and the burning speed. If polymerization and crystallization occur, it proves that the temperature is too low. Raise the temperature.

After doing this a few times, you will be able to form a rough standard, and it will be easier to handle later.

There were many people at the scene, and no one including Pu Heli could understand it. Only Zhao Yurui understood it.

The meaning of Asil is somewhat standardized.

Suppose you prepare [-] kilograms of oil for the first time, and then prepare to use [-] kilograms of coal or charcoal as fuel, and burn it for an hour first.

Then within this hour, determine the temperature.

After several adjustments and experiments, the standard can basically be obtained.

At that time, it may be 150 kilograms of oil, and 400 kilograms of fuel will be needed. After burning for half an hour, it can be maintained at the appropriate temperature. The error is almost negligible, because the suitable temperature for separating oil is about [-] degrees, plus or minus more than [-] degrees. , can be successful, the temperature mainly depends on how many substances can be separated.

Based on this standard, by building several more furnaces, fractionators, etc., large-scale production can be achieved.

Of course, Asil didn't know that oil could be separated into various substances. On their Persian side, they mainly fractionated diesel, asphalt, wax, etc.

Their burning temperatures also did not meet the standards of later generations, and were generally lower than those of later generations.

Because after petroleum is fractionated, the gaseous fractions with smaller molecules and lower boiling points slowly rise along the fractionation tower and condense at the upper levels of the tower, such as fuel gas, liquefied petroleum gas, light oil, kerosene, etc.

Liquid fractions with larger molecules and higher boiling points condense at the bottom of the tower, such as diesel, lubricating oil, and wax.

The viscous residue left at the bottom of the tower is asphalt and heavy oil, which can be used as raw materials for coking and producing asphalt or as boiler fuel.

The Persians were afraid of explosions and combustion, so the overall temperature did not meet the standards of later generations. Most of the materials they obtained were mid-bottom substances, and they did not obtain light oil, kerosene, gasoline, or liquefied petroleum gas.

What Zhao Yurui needs most now is definitely gasoline and kerosene, so he immediately asked Asil, can you draw a fractionation tower for me to see?
Aixir did not hesitate and quickly drew a simple fractionation tower, and once again told Zhao Yurui the principle and the location of the finished product.

Zhao Yurui smiled and said: "Secondly, if the temperature is higher, components with smaller molecules can appear on it, such as liquefied gas, gasoline, and kerosene."

"Dear Your Majesty, the fire will explode if it burns any louder." Asil said in horror.

He knew that if it was burned again, new substances would be produced, but it would eventually explode. Many craftsmen in Persia had tried this before.

"That's because the fractionator and tower were not built to standard, which allowed the liquefied gas to leak out, and then ignited the liquefied gas -" Zhao Yurui briefly explained to Aixier. Aixier seemed to understand, and should have the guts. Matter is in the gaseous state, but he didn't understand what the gaseous state was for a while.

"For example, do you know the smell?" Zhao Yurui asked.

"The farts we fart - you can smell it, but you can't see it, it's a gaseous substance."

Others at the scene didn't seem to understand. The food also smelled. Could it be gaseous?

But Asil seems to understand that if the temperature is higher, gaseous substances will be produced. As long as they are handled properly and are not ignited, they will not explode?

"How to deal with it?" He asked Zhao Yurui humbly, and he admired Zhao Yurui in his heart. This Emperor of the Song Dynasty looked very young and seemed to know a lot.

"Show me your fractionator drawing."

After Asil finished drawing the fractionator, Zhao Yurui took over the pen and added a few more strokes on it.

"This can be used as a gas storage. When the temperature reaches a certain level, substances with smaller molecules will become gasified and rise to gather here -"

"Let's open an opening here and let them come out directly——"

"No way, we can't store this liquefied gas now-"

"You can make a long pipe here and lead it directly to the window, so that the liquefied gas can be discharged to the outside. Then keep lighting it with a candle at the exit and burn it slowly."

"Add a warehouse on the middle floor, and gasoline and kerosene will come in. This is what we need most -"

After Zhao Yurui explained it, Asil gradually understood that the emperor wanted to see new substances appear in the added part.

This is a substance that they did not produce when they were in Persia, which means that the temperature here will still rise.

Asil seemed to be facing a new challenge. He was a little scared and a little excited because Pu Heli told him that he could get a lot of wealth, honor and even status here.

He couldn't help but turn his head and look at Pu Heli.

Pu Heli immediately said: "What are you still thinking about? The Song Dynasty has everything you want, as long as the wise and mighty Emperor opens his mouth."

"If you have any wishes, you can ask His Majesty now."

Aisil's face suddenly turned red, and without hesitation, she said loudly: "Dear Your Majesty, Aisil wants a big house, as well as servants, gold and silver - and cattle and sheep - of course, if there is a beauty, Better—"

"Asil" Zhao Yurui laughed loudly: "I wish your dreams come true, and you will get everything you want."

"Thank you Allah, thank you my Majesty." Asil was extremely excited.

Zhao Yurui announced on the spot that he would get a big house, money, cattle and sheep, as well as beauties and servants (all Goryeo women snatched from Goryeo).

In return, Asil also agreed to serve the Emperor of the Song Dynasty for at least five years and train relevant experts for the Song Dynasty.

Zhao Yurui agreed with him to build a medium-sized fractionating tower and fractionator, capable of fractionating one thousand kilograms of oil at a time.

The first batch of ten was selected. The factories were all placed by the river. The factories were built with heavy bricks and stones to ensure that even if there was an explosion, it would not affect the side. Each factory was separated by a hundred steps.Pile dense sandbags outside the wall to the same height as the wall.According to Asier's experience, even if it works for ten hours a day, each factory can be fractionated twice a day.

The burning time does not need to be too long, the key is the subsequent processing and collection of the finished products, and storage takes time.

In this way, ten factories can process [-] kilograms of oil a day.

There is no concept of liters of oil at this time. Zhao Yurui can only measure it by weight.

Usually the refining rate of petroleum is about 40%, that is, one hundred kilograms of petroleum can be refined into ten kilograms of gasoline, thirty kilograms of diesel, and several other substances.

In later generations, the remaining residual oil can be catalytically cracked and refined twice, and about 35% of petroleum and about 30% of diesel can be obtained.

But Zhao Yurui obviously couldn't do it. They could only process it once. Calculated this way, they could get two thousand kilograms of gasoline, six thousand kilograms of diesel, and several other substances every day.

The residual oil does not need to be thrown away, and the Song army can make torches and use it as rockets.

Bring a barrel of residual oil with you when marching. During a battle, you can dip it in the arrow and light it directly to become a rocket without wrapping it with cloth. The effect is very good.

Like other armies that want to shoot rockets, they have to wrap the arrows with cotton and then light them.

After the two reached an agreement, Zhao and Rui immediately asked Niu Bao to call Liu Fu, and then build a refinery for Aixir in a new factory building at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain to the west of the craftsmanship bureau.

When Zhao and Rui asked Pu Heli to find relevant experts two years ago, they had already planned to build the refinery. The place and personnel had already been arranged and they were waiting for the experts to arrive.

Now that Asil has arrived, Zhao Yurui can quickly get started, providing manpower and material resources. The glass craftsmen of the Song Dynasty are also available at any time. By the way, they can learn the glass craftsmanship of Dashi and Persia.

After Asil left, Zhao Yurui looked at Pu Heli happily and decided to reward him heavily again.

"Your Majesty." Pu Heli said at this time: "According to your Majesty's scale, I am afraid that oil is not enough."

Pu Heli returned to Persia two years ago, and walked through Dashi again, purchasing goods, selling goods, handling various business matters, and then came back in a big circle. Finally, Pu Shougeng was added, and it took nearly two years before he returned to Lin'an. , brought back 400 million kilograms of oil.

Emperor Zhao Yurui could handle [-] kilograms per day, which was not enough for a year.

And once a war breaks out, it will be consumed faster.

"Yeah, it's still not enough." Zhao Yurui said, "I'm looking for it in China, but I haven't found it yet."

As mentioned before, there is oil in Shaanxi now, but before the Jin-Mongolia War, the Jin army strengthened the walls and cleared the country, and a large number of people moved to the Central Plains. There are no ordinary people in Yanzhou where the oil is produced, because Yanzhou is still the front line adjacent to the Mongolian army. , Zhao and Rui have not yet planned to move the population to Yanzhou. When they invade Shanxi next and move the defense line forward, they can move the population to Yanzhou and dig for oil.

He knew that future wars would require a lot of oil, but he didn't expect that he would need oil so much now in the Southern Song Dynasty.

But it is obvious that the Song Army has proven the use of kerosene bombs on the battlefield. If they are replaced with gasoline or diesel in the future, they will be devastating weapons of mass destruction.

What else do you want, guns and artillery?I used petrol bombs to burn down the Mongolian army.

"This thing is deep underground, so it's not easy to find." Pu Heli said.

"I know there is one in Binzhou, but I can't find a place."

Pu Shougeng had an idea at this time: "Your Majesty can order Binzhou and let the people dig it out. Whoever finds it first will be given a heavy reward."

Zhao Yurui thought to himself, it would be so easy. The oil is very deep and it is difficult to dig without machinery now.

In fact, as the second largest oil field in China, Shengli Oilfield has a large area and is mainly distributed in 8 counties (districts) in 28 cities including Dongying, Binzhou, Dezhou, Jinan, Weifang, Zibo, Liaocheng, and Yantai. Its main work With an area of ​​approximately 4.4×10 4 km 2, this is a fairly large oil field.

Zhao Yurui had a roommate from Binzhou in college. The roommate told him that the Shengli Oilfield was an oil well drilled in Dongying Village, and it was the first time he saw industrial oil flow.

The Dongying Village of later generations was located in the area of ​​Huibinzhou and Lijin County.

The Kingdom of Jin promoted Yongli Town to Lijin County and placed it under the jurisdiction of Binzhou.

The general position is still the same.

However, in later generations, wells could be dug very deep, but now it is more difficult to dig them manually. This is why Zhao Yurui has never found it.

Pu Shougeng, who was standing next to him, saw Zhao Yurui's troubled face, but actually wanted to help him solve this problem.

Because Pu Heli and he were partners, every time they went to Persia and Dashi to bring a large amount of oil, it was very troublesome. The search, acquisition, and transportation along the way consumed a lot of time. This was also what Pu Heli used to do. One of the reasons why he came to the capital again after two years.

Although the emperor did not treat them badly and compensated them with many goods, if they could not do this transportation, Pu Heli and Pu Shougeng could do a lot more.

Pu Shougeng didn't understand how difficult it was to dig out oil, so he immediately told Zhao Yurui that he would ask the emperor to give him the right to take people to the Binzhou area. He wanted to see if he could dig it out.

Zhao Yurui looked at Pu Shougeng interestingly. He always wanted to raid Pu Shougeng's house at some point. He didn't expect that this guy was so loyal and dedicated to serving the court.

Also, at this time, the national power of the Song Dynasty was booming, Pu Shougeng and the emperor were on the line, and there was no danger of national subjugation. Of course, he was a loyal minister.

So Zhao Yurui thought about it and said: "This oil is usually found deep underground and under the sea. If you are not lucky, you have to dig down for thousands of meters. Of course, sometimes you can see the oil layer tens or hundreds of meters away. There’s oil for sure.”

"I don't know much about Binzhou Petroleum, so you have to be prepared to get nothing."

"Your Majesty, please rest assured. I will do my best." Pu Shougeng is really not afraid.

The first oil production in Shengli Oilfield was between 1200 and 1630 meters underground. If Zhao Yurui had known about it, he would not have thought of digging for oil himself. But at that time, he could see the oil layer when he dug more than 50 meters, so he could determine the oil production in advance. The place.

Now Zhao Yurui doesn't know, so he can only let Pu Shougeng try. At the same time, Zhao Yurui plans to attack Shanxi and force the Mongolian army back to the grassland as soon as possible. Then he can go to Yanzhou to dig oil.

After seeing off Pu Heli and Pu Shougeng, Zhao Yurui called Zhou Wenjun, an official of the Craftsmanship Bureau.

Zhou Wenjun used to be a glassmaker in Fujian. When the imperial court vigorously recruited craftsmen, he immediately joined the imperial court as a clerk. Later he made great achievements and became an official. Now he is the seventh-rank official of the Craftsmanship Bureau.

"My lord, I would like to pay my respects to your Majesty. Long live your Majesty." Zhou Wenjun came in and bowed to him with an excited expression.

He became an official from a craftsman, so he naturally has great respect for the current emperor.

"Dr. Zhou, please get up quickly and come and take a look." Zhao Yurui waved.

Zhou Wenjun's official position is a doctor of the seventh grade of craftsmanship.

This is of course a new official position created by Zhao Yurui for the Craftsmanship Bureau. Among the official positions in the Song Dynasty, there was Dr. Taichang of the eighth grade. Zhao Yurui newly established a doctorate of craftsmanship, and his rank was higher than that of Dr. Taichang. Obviously, he cared for and encouraged the craftsmen.

Zhou Wenjun came to the emperor's side, and Zhao Yurui was drawing a picture.

Zhao Yurui drew a glass beer bottle, which was slightly smaller in size and slightly larger than the grenades of later generations.

"The Glass Department of the Craftsman Bureau will make this kind of glass bottles on a large scale in the future. The bottle body should be light and thin so that it can explode when thrown on someone."

After Zhao Yurui had gasoline, he directly made gasoline bombs, which was cheaper and more convenient than grenades.

When the time comes, fill some gasoline with a piece of cloth and take it with you in the army. When it comes to fighting, you can just light it and throw it away. It's so convenient.

Of course, his firearms bureau is also studying grenades. There are still many difficulties. The fuze time is very unstable and the lethality is not enough.

Although Zhao Yurui's gunpowder is already the best formula, the armor of ancient soldiers is heavier than that of later generations.

If you encounter a heavily armored force like the Song Army, with the current explosive power, it is a question whether it can break through the armor from seven or eight steps away.

If you want to blow up cavalry, the same goes for it. If you use a grenade and blow up two or three of them, it's pretty good.

And after the explosion, there is no subsequent lethality.

Petrol bombs are different. If you throw them at someone, they will explode. If you ignite ten people, they will cause panic in ten places. If you ignite a hundred people, they will cause panic on a larger scale. The more people are burned, the more confused and scared the enemy will be. .

If the front is all burned, the back will not dare to go up.

So after thinking about it, Zhao Yurui believed that the lethality of gasoline bombs is much better than grenades, the cost is also low, and the efficiency is fast.

Zhou Wenjun listened carefully, and then expressed his position that he would be able to submit a sample to the emperor for review by tomorrow afternoon at the latest.

It was already noon when we came out of the craftsmanship bureau.

Zhao Yurui held his son's hand and stood outside the door of the craftsmanship bureau. He looked back at the door of the craftsmanship bureau. He felt proud in his heart. With Zhao Yurui here, I must kill Mongolia.

Sitting on the carriage, Zhao Yurui began to evaluate the current total strength of the Mongolian army in his mind.

When Wokuotai and Tuolei were fighting for the throne, the Mongolian troops from the Western Expedition returned in large numbers. At that time, there were still some Mongolian troops from seven directions.

First, there are a small number of troops stationed in the places captured by the Mongolian army in the Western Expedition. Second, there are Qichawu, Shuchi’s hometown. Third, there are some soldiers and horses belonging to Chagatai in the Western Liao area. Fourth, there are also some soldiers and horses in Xixia. The direction is Liaodong, the sixth is the direction of Hebei, and the seventh is the direction of Shanxi.

Among these seven places, the number of Mongolian troops left in the west will not be less than about [-]. After all, they control thousands of miles of territory.

And Jochi's soldiers and horses were close to the Ural River in later generations. Before his death, Temujin asked him to fight north, towards the Volga River. He did not listen to the order and never went home. Finally, he died of illness at the station. His son Ba When they all came back to participate in the election of the Great Khan, they brought back not many people. In recent years, Zhao and Rui have been sending troops to Qichachu (the place where Jochi was stationed before his death, and now the fiefdom of Batu), and they cannot use Han people, they must use Mongolians. People, Jurchens or Turks, etc.

Even so, it is not certain how many Mongolian troops there are in Qichakul, because outsiders cannot approach their core base. Mao estimates that there are 6 to [-] people there. Excluding family members and the old and weak, the elite Mongolian troops will not be low. At ten thousand.

Xiliao is the Chagatai fiefdom and one of the base camps for the Mongolian army's western expedition. It is as important as Xixia. It provides various resources such as war horses, forage and even soldiers for the Mongolian army's western expedition and southern invasion.

The relationship between Wokuotai and Chagatai is quite good, and there are a large number of former Western Liao servants there, estimated to be at least [-] to [-].

Xixia sent sentries and cavalry to Zhao and Rui to investigate, and found that there were Mongolian troops in every city, totaling Mao's estimate of around [-] to [-].

The Mongolian army in the Liaodong direction is only 2 or [-], or [-]. There are more in the Hebei direction. There are many Han Jurchen soldiers there, at least [-].

At that time, Shanxi and the Jin Kingdom each occupied one side, and the Mongolian army was on the offensive, estimated to be at least 4 to [-] people.

In this way, when Wokuotai and Tuolei were fighting for the throne, there were about 27 million Mongolian troops outside, and the main force of the Mongolian army was even more.

(End of this chapter)