Xinshun 1730

Since Dashun’s prominent learning—or in other words, it cannot become prominent learning without this, and it will definitely become empty talk of a few people in this era at the turn of the old and the new—it cannot be a prominent learning—it will have such characteristics.

And since Dashun's prominent learning was proposed by the Practical School, and there is still an old system in Dashun.

Then, there is no doubt that Saint-Simon is like a fish in water in the practical political group in Dashun, just like a captive falcon came to have fun under the open grassland sky.

After all, Inrich said a famous saying of Saint-Simon, or a fable.

Say, if one day, suddenly, overnight in France, kings, nobles, dukes of all kinds; And tens of thousands of the most pampered and richest people... If they all die overnight, and the French scientists, artists, craftsmen, industrial producers, etc. have nothing to do.

Then the death of these people will only make the French people a little frustrated out of humanitarianism, but it will not bring political misfortune to France.Moreover, France has a large population, and it will be easy to fill the vacancies left by these people after their deaths.And maybe even better than them.

But on the other hand, if thousands of scientists, artists, craftsmen, and industrial producers died in France overnight, then France would face a disaster.Because of these people, it may take a whole generation to re-train them...

Considering Saint-Simon's attitude towards those lawyers in the French revolution, and the group of people who can only talk shit and "scream slogans so empty that they are as empty as the slogans of the reactionaries they oppose" after experiencing the chaos of the French revolution. manner.

Saint-Simon's attitude is very clear:
Each era has its own ruling class.

The times have changed, and the industrial age is coming. The rulers of the industrial age should be technical experts, scientists, inventors, industrial capitalists, and big bankers.

And you landlords, nobles, kings, lawyers, etc., are pure doves occupying the magpie's nest. The era of your rule is over, and you should quickly give way to the natural rulers of the industrial age, such as technologists, scientists, inventors, etc. .Don't occupy the latrine and stop shitting.

The reason why it is said that Saint-Simon is like a fish in water and like a spring breeze in Dashun, a group of prominent schools, is because of the kind of "a group of people who have the ability to become the ruling class but are politically marginalized" caused by Liu Yu in Dashun. status quo.

On Dashun's side, the Practical School naturally has its own attitude:

The times have changed.

The industrial age has come, the rulers of the industrial age, the bureaucratic group, or the ruling class (not the ruling class), should be our group of students who study practical studies, physics, navigation, agriculture, mathematics, and Economic, industrial, inventive, technical backbone, inventor, industrial capitalist, colonizer, officer corps, etc.

And you bastards like landlords, squires, stereotyped imperial examination graduates, and hundreds of thousands of students, the era of your rule should be over, and it's time for us to take over.You people are just standing in the latrine and not shitting.If you are all dead, it will have no effect on Dashun, on the contrary, it may be even better-these people think that any idiot can be a rentier landlord. Does rent collection need any skills?

And just like Lao Ma's analysis in "The Eighteenth Brumaire":
[Large groups of rich and luxurious bureaucrats, this is a kind of "Bonapartism" that is most suitable for the second Bonaparte.How could it not be so, since Bonaparte had to create an artificial hierarchy alongside the real classes of society, for which the preservation of his regime was as urgent as the question of bread?Because of this, one of his first financial measures was to raise the official salaries that had been reduced to the original level, and to add new official positions with dry salaries]

【…The culmination of "Bonapartism" is that the army has an overwhelming advantage...】

To put it simply, the class interests behind Dashun’s group of practical schools are industrial and commercial capital and emerging classes.

And they themselves can also take advantage of Dashun's existing relatively complete official system, military system, etc., to become a part of this system, thereby replacing those old landlords, and can accommodate enough Practical School students to obtain good results. life, whether it is to become an official or an officer.

This is actually the Dashunshi school's "Heaven is dead, Huangtian should stand".

Saint-Simon looked down on those landlords, nobles, kings, judges, etc. under the old French system, thinking that they were all useless.Let them go, let the industrialists go, France will be better off.

The Dashunshi School, on the other hand, looked down on the students, scholars, scholars, landlords, and squires under the old system, thinking that they were all waste.Let them get away with it, let the practical school come in, and the world will be better.

At that moment, at this moment.

Of course, Dashun's affairs are still somewhat special.

Financial capital, commercial capital, actually like small estate ownership.This is not only convenient for them to lend money, but also convenient for small farmers to mortgage their land, and it is more convenient for them to manipulate prices to buy low and sell high.

As for industrial capital, in Dashun, their attention is actually more focused on the situation similar to Jingyan in southern Sichuan—they think that in places like Jingyan, the landlord is just a burden in the production process, useless, and it is better to collect Nationalized, and then leased to them at a low price.

As for the industrial labor force, the small estate ownership itself will produce a steady stream of potential wage laborers who have nothing but labor power in the process of gradual annexation, so they don't care too much.

Therefore, the affairs of Dashun are ultimately promoted by a group of people who, at least in words, want to "take the world as their responsibility".

Purely from the perspective of economic decision-making, the bourgeoisie in Dashun has no incentive to engage in land reform—Dashun is not the same as the French land system before [-].Compared with the old system before [-], the French land system after the [-] storm is more similar to the existing land system in Dashun.

The land issue was another issue that Dashun could not avoid.

Including, those Confucian scholars of the retro school also focused on the land issue. The statement that "the equalization of land is the most benevolent government in the world" was itself put forward by the Confucian students of the retro school.As for the more ancient well field and king field systems, etc., it still has to touch the issue of land.

Therefore, the industrialist technocrats of the practical school in Dashun, their ideas about "orderly industrial development" are deduced from a direction different from that of Saint-Simon's deduction in history, but they lead to the same goal by different routes.

As mentioned earlier, before Liu Yu left, the Three Crooked Sutras of the Dashunshi School had basically taken shape.

The Malthusian economics that Liu Yu ridiculed as a variant is essentially a "generalized underconsumption theory".

As I said earlier, this thing can produce several results.It can even be deduced that the pure rentier class that "consumes only and does not produce" is an indispensable part of social stability; it can also be countered by Luxembourg's deduction that "external expansion, colonies that occupy more non-capitalist production systems are the only ones. viable path to capital accumulation".

Etc., etc.

As long as you want to deduce, from landlords to nobles, from lenders to foreign expansion, from the tenancy system to imperialism, everything can be deduced as "inevitable" or "reasonable".

As for the faction that gradually became prominent in Dashun, their reasoning was also deduced from the Three Crooked Sutras.

First of all, are small farmers in the capitalist production system?

No, because Liu Yu relayed what Lao Ma said at the beginning, that is, the difference between the two types of private ownership.

Then, expanding the number of small farmers, or expanding the number of small farmers who own all the fruits of their labor, is it also a way to expand the market outside the non-capitalist production system?
Take the textile industry as an example.

Cotton plantations in Java, India; cotton mills in Songsu, etc., are all within the production system of the main body of capital.

Because of the inherent problems of the capitalist production system, if you want to accumulate capital, you can’t say that the wages and depreciation added together can just consume all the cotton cloth.If this is the case, what kind of fart is there?How can there be residual value?

Therefore, what is the problem that hinders the continued development of Dashun Industry?
The market is small.

Historically, imperialism has fought for colonies.

The question is, where else can Dashun go to grab the colony now?In other words, only by expanding the colony to increase the market, because of the size of Dashun itself and the fact that Europe had not established a firm foothold in India in the 18th century, Dashun occupied the "colonies" when it came up. There is really no way to expand it.

Naturally, Europe can still continue to loosen tariffs, but because of the delivery capacity, Dashun's brains are not in the water, and it is obvious that they can't beat it.Pulling over [-] to [-] people is not enough for those European countries that have begun to centralize their power.

So, how to expand the market?To solve the problem of insufficient consumption and hindering the continued expansion of industry?

According to the theoretical variation of the Three Crooked Classics, it is easy to draw a conclusion: create a group of small farmers.

Because small farmers are not in the capitalist production system, they are also commodity buyers in theoretical non-capitalist production relations.

A group of people who are outside the production system of the main body of capital, whose fruits of labor are under their own control, and who have not been deprived of the fruits of labor by capital.

This is not the same as a plantation or a large farm.

If the capital of a large farm wants to make money, it must be guaranteed that the wages paid are definitely not enough to buy all the food produced on the farm.If the wages paid are equal to the selling price of all the food produced on the farm, then the capital is out of their minds?How capital accumulation?

Small farmers are different.

The fruits of the labor of the small farmers are...in a sense, their own.

Therefore, they are the so-called "effective demanders" of commodities such as ironware, agricultural machinery, building materials, textiles, etc., which are already produced in the capitalist production system.

Compared with the capitalist production system that must accumulate capital, they are the first type of private ownership that is free.

According to the theory of the Three Crooked Classics, the second type of private ownership will inevitably lead to the situation that "people in the system cannot afford all the commodities produced in the system".And the expansion of the colony has temporarily reached the bottleneck of this era.

Coincidentally, Dashun also has large tracts of land suitable for cultivation in South Africa, North America, Australia, etc.

At the same time, the land issue within Dashun was another issue that had to be resolved.

As a result, the school of scholars in Dashun continued the idea of ​​​​immigration to equalize the land, and with the idea of ​​​​industrialism, they introduced the necessity of equalizing the land for reclamation and immigrant cultivators to have their own land—the rational reasoning of this necessity, and the rational reasoning of this necessity. Humanities and morals have nothing to do, purely for the development of industry.But because of the long-standing cultural traditions of Dashun, it is inevitable to add a humanistic care slogan of "the most benevolent government in the world".

Of course, the premise assumed here is "If a small peasant family has 160 acres of land, then he will not let his wife light lamps at night, spin and weave cloth for the whole family to wear, but only sell two more cars of rice to the market to buy "That's fine.

As for whether this premise is established, it should be said that it is generally established.The industriousness of the farmers is forced. If there is a family with 160 acres of land, let alone 160 acres, there is no need to wash the cloth after work at night.

And the class attribute behind this prominent school is industrial capital.

So, who pays for the relocation?Naturally, it is impossible to let industrial capital pay, so it must be hard for rentier landlords and squire landlords.

The rentier landlords are all rentiers, and obviously this wealth was not created by them.

Therefore, in essence, it is still from small farmers.

This is called: Let the small farmers pay, use the money from the small farmers to send the small farmers to emigrate, and then let the small farmers cultivate in the Fusang wilderness, creating an effective consumption market for the industrial bourgeoisie.

In this process, not only did the industrial bourgeoisie not have to pay a penny, but they also made a lot of money.