Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1502 Final Chapter Ninety-three Years (Twenty)

These new contradictions have prompted the return of many traditional thoughts in Dashun, such as [emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business].

In fact, according to Lao Ma's theory, the four words emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business are actually misinterpreting.

Because even Li Kui, who put forward this idea earlier in the pre-Qin period and reformed it in the Wei state, the original words were "carved inscriptions are a matter of harming farmers."Jinxiu compilation team also hurts female workers.Harmful farming is the root of hunger.The origin of women workers' injury is cold...], the original intention is to prohibit luxury goods, and here we also focus on women workers, so is the home textile industry a handicraft industry?
When productivity is insufficient and yield per mu is insufficient, it cannot be said that it is wrong to develop the grain industry and textile industry first to ensure food and clothing.

Besides, is commercial capital really that "progressive"?

I'm afraid, not necessarily.

Lao Ma's evaluation of commercial capital can only be said to be not high.

[In modern British history, commercial capital and commercial cities were also politically reactionary.They formed an alliance with land aristocracy and financial aristocracy to oppose industrial capital together]

[A purely commercial city—that is, a city where commercial capital dominates, the easier it is to maintain an outdated state]

This thesis of Lao Ma, and his evaluation of the "reactionary" commercial capital.

When Liu Yu was alive, he believed that he could cooperate with the Dutch East India Company to kill European industries; while it was theoretically possible to cooperate with the British East India Company, but because of the wool interests of the land nobles, he had to fight; he could smuggle with North American The businessmen worked closely together and fostered Anglo-American commercial capital after the victory of the First World War to wipe out the roots of the country's burgeoning industry.

Because although they are called "commercial capital", they are quite different from the capital in "capitalism".

There was commercial capital during the time of slavery, and commercial capital was still very developed, so can it be called the budding of capitalism at that time?
Capitalism precisely requires the independence of commercial capital, making it a part of socialized production rather than an independent commercial capital.

As Lao Ma said: [Commercial capital itself is not enough to explain the transition from one mode of production to another].

Taking the example of Dashun in Mongolia at this time can also illustrate this matter well.

To put it simply, Dashun's transformation of capitalism in Mongolia has failed very much.

Compared with policies such as land reform in Nanyang, it is simply reactionary.It’s just that there are not many or even none in Dashun who really understand what capitalism is. When they see money, capital profits, and trade, they feel that this thing seems to be the future that Xing Guogong said, but in fact it is simply It's the opposite.

Same, in other words.

Compared with Dashun's local land policy and tax policy, the Dutch rule in Nanyang was completely reactionary, and it was farther and farther away from the progress of capitalism.

Capitalism, or the so-called budding, does not mean that money, capital profits, and trade are developed, it is called the budding of capitalism, and it is far behind.

So-called commercial capitalism is not capitalism.

Because Lao Ma clearly said: [Capital, as commercial capital, has independent and preferential development, which means that production has not yet been subordinated to capital.That is to say, at this time, capital is still developing on the basis of a form of social production that is incompatible with capital and does not depend on it.]

Because there is a very simple logic in it.

Since it is said that commercial capital is independent, rather than a composition of the element "capital" in capitalist society, it can be inferred that the two poles outside circulation, that is, producer A and producer B, are relative to circulation. is also independent.

Therefore, because of commerce, the cows of the herdsmen are no longer cattle in the eyes of the herdsmen, but commodities; the cloth of the weavers is no longer the cloth in the hands of female workers, but commodities—the difference is that in capitalist society Whether it is raising cattle or weaving cloth, capital is not for the production of cloth and cattle from the beginning, but for the production of profitable commodities.

Therefore, Lao Ma said that the more independent development of commercial capital, the more it proves that the general economic development of the society is more complete, and it is inversely proportional.The more merchant capital, or merchants, are treated individually, as a powerful class, the further away they are from capitalism.

Indeed, Lao Ma said: [Commerce more or less disintegrates various existing production organizations that produce use value in different forms]

But obviously, there is another sentence in the back, which cannot be broken in general.

[However, to what extent it disintegrates the old mode of production and where this disintegration will lead, in other words, what kind of new mode of production will replace the old mode of production does not depend on commerce].

In other words, economic determinism is enough of a joke.

So commercial determinism is much more bullshit than economic determinism.That is to say, it seems that as long as we don't put more emphasis on agriculture than commerce, then capitalism will definitely develop. This is a delusion.

Because 【what kind of new production method replaces the old production method, it does not depend on the business... For example, the outsourcing system, as far as it is concerned, does not cause changes in the old production, rather it maintains this The mode of production as the premise of its own existence... Similar methods everywhere become obstacles to the genuine capitalist mode of production]

[Because it does not change the mode of production, it just makes the producer's condition worse].

In China's tradition, the package purchase system may not be very popular.

However, if you change it, the tenancy system can be very easy to understand-[it does not change the mode of production, it only makes the producer's situation worse; it does not cause changes in the old production, rather it maintains this kind of production way as the premise of its own existence].

This is the significance of emphasizing agriculture, suppressing business, and suppressing mergers.

Because it does not depend on business what kind of new mode of production will replace the old one.

On the contrary, commercial capital sometimes hinders the truly capitalist mode of production.What's more, commercial capital itself is attached to the old production mode, and the new production mode will destroy commercial capital, completely crush it, and throw it into the melting pot of capital.

Many people think that commerce brings capitalism, so instead of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce, capitalism has already developed.

The reality is that commerce will not bring about the capitalist mode of production. Instead, it is easy to see mergers, land purchases, rent collection, and investment.

This depends on a series of factors such as the old land system, productivity level, internal trade system, transportation system, and laws.

Now, after developing for so long, Dashun has revived the retro style of "emphasizing agriculture and despising business", the essence of which is very simple.

It is nothing more than the basic completion of primitive accumulation in the advanced regions, industrial development connected to world trade, and commercial capital looting everywhere...Who will guarantee that once the control of capital is completely released, these capitals will not become commercial capital all at once?Go crazy to occupy land, annex land, collect rent, hoard goods, and rob the country?
The previous resistance in the Mongolian region gave Dashun a great vigilance, because the Mongolian region is not within the scope of control, so the tragedy of commercial capital robbery is very clear.

Many people began to question that relying solely on industrial and commercial ideas does not seem to be able to preserve the entire world.

On the contrary, the traditional idea of ​​reforming the land and returning it to the people is more correct.

If we continue to do business like this, I am afraid that in a few decades, the Mongolian region will be completely reversed.At that time, although it is said that there will be no more threats to the Central Plains, the frontiers will also be eroded-Dashun can solve the problem in the Northeast, because the Little Ice Age has passed, and the Northeast can farm; the problem is that Mongolia is not all places It can all be solved by copying local production methods, and some places cannot grow land at all.

To put it simply, the traditional Tiankhan model cannot be maintained under the continued development of industry and commerce, or the rapid development of industry and commerce in the pioneering regions.

Therefore, it is necessary to use the policy of the previous dynasty in the southwest to prepare for the reform of land return.

It sounds like tradition has defeated Liu Yu's theory that industry and commerce are the future of the world.

But, actually, no.

As Liu Yu said, few people in Dashun understand what capitalism is.Of course he didn't say anything, and according to the tradition, he only said "industry and commerce".

So, what is reformation?
To put it simply, the feudal rights of the original feudal lords were banned, the households were registered, the household registration was counted, taxes were collected, land was measured, cities were built, schools were set up, and school officials were sent.

So, what does this mean in terms of political economy?
Obviously, to ban local feudal rights, strengthen the domestic unified market, divide the ownership of feudal aristocratic land, and grant feudal serfs and herdsmen the obligations and some rights of human beings.

For example, who owns the ranch for the leaders of various tribes in Mongolia now?Whose cattle and horses belong to?Whose herdsmen are at the bottom?
Obviously, it belonged to the Mongolian nobles.

Now, reforming the land and returning it to the people means dividing up the pastures so that the herdsmen are no longer subordinate to the Mongolian nobles.

For those suitable for farming, the pasture land was directly deprived from the hands of the Mongolian nobles, and the land was reclaimed, planted, or capital enclosures were used to herd sheep.

For those who are half-agricultural and half-pastoral, set aside a part suitable for farming, build cities and relocate people, and the rest are not allowed to cultivate.

Those who can only be nomads, build cities, transfer officials, dismantle the big ones and dismantle the small ones, directly abolish the feudal rights of the Mongolian nobles, but retain the similar private ownership of the land in Dashun: here is nothing more than replacing the land with cattle and sheep.Internally it is called tenancy system, and over there it is called Sulu restraint system. Since the tenancy system in the interior can be divided into four or six points, then Sulu restraint system is also written into Dashun law according to four or six points. Just like the story of the highest annual interest rate of 36%, herdsmen four , Shepherd Six.

If we understand reforming the land and returning it to the local people in this way, then this can obviously be called "during the disintegration of the old production organization in the Mongolian region by commercial capital, through the guidance of the administrative hand, it will be guided to capitalist private ownership production relations, instead of letting The robbery system of commercial capital hinders the development of local productive forces”

Exactly, this is what Liu Yu really meant when he said that "industry and commerce is the future".

He never said that everything would be solved with commercial development. On the contrary, he imposed various restrictions on business from the very beginning, and the trade with Japan was stuck with a lot of military obligations from the very beginning.

The two are not contradictory.It’s just that few people in Dashun know what capitalism is.Just listening to what Liu Yu said about industry and commerce all day long, I thought Liu Yu was opposed to emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business.

On the contrary, Liu Yu's attitude towards emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business can only be said that he doesn't think it is the root of all evil... His attitude towards commercial capital is not so friendly, and he is not so naive. He thinks this thing is reactionary The degree is similar to that of the fucking land aristocrats. If you don’t guide it well, the land system of Dashun and the almost non-existent internal business control are really let go. deterioration of the condition of the former; it does not bring about a change in the old production, but rather it maintains this mode of production as a precondition of its existence]

As for the basis of realization... Dashun can be said to have excellent conditions.Dashun neither needed Mongolian cavalry nor Kalmyk archers, and even the foundation of its rule had nothing to do with these people.

In addition, Europe is about to be in chaos again, and the Raksha Kingdom is obviously unable to make troubles in the east, so it is the right time.

Of course, the most important thing is to be able to fight.After the railway was repaired, there was an accident last time, troops were dispatched to suppress it, and there was no pressure on logistics. This is the reason why many people have such thoughts.

As for the issue of commercial interests... I can only say that Dashun's previous experience can be used again now.For those commercial loans, the imperial court just repays the shareholders.But who said you have to pay back?Clean up a few Mongolian nobles, and once the land is collected as state-owned land, it will be over if the land is given.

As for raising sheep, horses and cattle, or cutting them into small pieces and renting them out to farmers for rent, I can’t control this matter. It can only depend on the development of Dashun, the market, and the development of transportation and logistics. waited.

Seems, sounds, pretty simple.In theory, it seems completely feasible.On the horizontal axis, it is also progress.

The problem is...it's not that simple.

(End of this chapter)