Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1494 Final Chapter Ninety Three Years (Twelve)

Cotton in India, industry in Dashun, consumption in Europe.

It's a whole.

Dashun chose a very strange path.The bourgeoisie began with the task of creating a world market in the eighteenth century.Obviously, the world market must include Dashun's internal market.But obviously, the bourgeoisie in Dashun created a deformed and distorted international market before obtaining a unified domestic market.

This is determined by the special circumstances of Dashun, with its vast land, one-third or even two-fifths of the world's population, and long-term internal unity.

This kind of strange situation, in this world, can and can only appear in Dashun.

for example.

The reform of the French Physiocratic School has been highly evaluated in history.In particular, the reform of grain sales - broke up the regional economy of France, resulting in a unified domestic market for grain within France.

That sounds really good.

But take into account...the size of France.

Putting this sentence in the context of Dashun, it is roughly equivalent to saying: The grain in Puyang, Henan can be sold to Zhumadian!

Before that, Puyang's grain could not leave Puyang, it had to be supervised and controlled, and it couldn't be transported to Zhumadian for sale.

Country and country are different.The size is also different.

In France, this is an earth-shattering event, a forerunner of France's achievement of an internal unified market, and a preview before the storm of 93.

In Dashun, it was nothing at all.Unless the collapsed warlords are in a state of melee, I have never heard that Puyang's grain cannot be transported to Zhumadian.

The reason for not selling food for thousands of miles is not because the feudal law stipulates that grain cannot be sold for more than a thousand miles; it is because the invisible hand of land transportation costs must be taken into account.

Therefore, under this reality, Dashun has come up with a wonderful system of "the internal market is limited, and the external market has shaped a deformed world market".

As far as Dashun is concerned, the raw materials depend on overseas colonies; the market depends on the silver deposits accumulated in overseas and Europe; He sold his labor at the low price of two catties of sorghum rice.

The premise of eliminating the Dashun side and the European side was created by the blood and tears of countless Inca people in the Potosí silver mine.

Without a world currency, there would be no developed world trade and a unified world market.Gold and silver in Europe acted as the world currency, especially as the medium of trade between the East and the West - Dashun is a country that is naturally short of gold and silver.

Because if there is no gold and silver in Europe, it will be difficult for the East-West trade to develop into world trade: this does not mean that Europe will never be born.But... how about trade?

Silver was almost the only imported commodity that Mingshun could accept, and he didn't want anything else. Naturally, without gold and silver, he couldn't trade.

Of course, national wealth is not gold and silver.

However, it should be noted that there is so much gold and silver in Europe at this time, not from plantations and sugar cane gardens.That thing, he is not a particle accelerator and a large collider, which can turn stones into gold. He can only grow sugar cane, but cannot grow gold or silver.

The wealth of gold and silver in Europe at this time has really little to do with European handicrafts.Because, even in the original history, until 1857, there was still a magical scene of huge European silver flowing to Asia.

Many people subconsciously feel that Europe is so rich at this time, it must be due to the well-developed handicraft industry, or even developed industry, so all the wealth of the world has gone to Europe.The problem is that Europe is clearly in deficit in world trade at this time, whether it is with Dashun or India, it is a deficit.

Many people mistakenly believe that Europe's prosperity stems from its trade surplus.This is purely from the late 19th century to the 18th century.

This is not the case.

It is simply that too much gold and silver have been dug before.

Gold and silver cannot be transformed through the so-called "germination of capitalism". The wealth created by the germination of capitalism is a commodity in the sense of the Wealth of Nations, not wealth in the concept of mercantilism.

Indeed, the germs of capitalism in Europe led to the development of European productive forces.However, this is not the reason why there is so much gold and silver in Europe at this time-the woolen factories in Italy can only produce cashmere, not gold and silver.

Including, the European agricultural revolution can explain many problems, but it cannot explain so many problems of European silver.

During the Agricultural Revolution, I never heard that it was possible to grow silver.

In this case, there is no contradiction between the prosperity of Europe and the impact of Dashun's handicraft products on Europe.

Wealth is wealth.

A well-developed handicraft industry is a well-developed handicraft industry.

The reason for wealth is that the whole world, including Dashun and India, use gold and silver.In particular, Dashun undertook the currency reform of Ming Dynasty and completely ceded the right to issue banknotes to foreign trade, so that European silver could buy raw silk, tea, porcelain, etc. here in large quantities and cheaply.

There is really a lot of gold and silver in Europe, so much that in history, Ming Dynasty completed the currency reform, and India later completed the silver standard reform.

Wealth does not mean that some handicrafts are developed.

It is also possible that three points are the progress of handicraft industry and agriculture, and seven points are more money.

Therefore, the massive silver deposits in Europe and the extremely underdeveloped cotton textile handicraft industry have become the basis of Dashun's international order or trade system.

As far as the cotton textile industry is concerned, Dashun, India, and Europe can be regarded as an unstable triangle.Any problem on one side will lead to the instability of the entire triangle.

Raw materials, industrial processing, and markets, there are many painful factors in it.

Some people say that handmade cloth can't stop machine-woven cloth anyway.

This sentence, depending on how you look at it, is correct macroscopically, but may not be correct in a decades-long cycle.

Moreover, this kind of thinking can easily fall into the mechanical materialism of economic determinism.

That is to say: think that social development is only the natural result of economic development, and regard the economy as the only factor that plays a role in the process of social development, and deny the role of politics, ideology, and theory in the process of social development.Simply use the automatic function of economic factors to explain complex social phenomena and historical development processes.

Engels said: [If someone distorts here and says that the economic factor is the only decisive factor, then he is turning this proposition into contentless, abstract, absurd empty talk], which is the same as saying that the German revolution and reaction The same, meaningless, correct bullshit about the people that so-and-so betrayed and such.

This kind of economic determinism is wrong and dangerous.

In the 18th century, if we look at the problems of the 18th century with this kind of "economic determinism" that is mechanically materialistic, childish, wrong, or even completely vulgarized by old horses, it will naturally produce extremely wrong ideas. Viewpoints, even a step towards imperialism and even the most bizarre variant of Whig's historical view-the colonial aggression in Europe in history is the victory of civilization over barbarism, and the crushing of advanced productive forces against backward productive forces.

This can easily lead to a kind of dizzy self-righteousness, thinking that in 1750 Europe's productivity and textile industry had completely surpassed Asia.So with this vulgar mechanical materialist economic determinism mind, many weird conclusions were drawn.

In fact, this is not the case, and it is definitely not such a simple and mechanical economic determinism, which has led to many problems caused by Dashun in India.

This kind of vulgarized economic determinism, in later generations, is Ilyich's "What to Do", blasting those fans of economic determinism.

At this time, as a result of back training, why Dashun must first establish this weird, deformed so-called world market that lacks about one-third of the world's population, in order to solve Dashun's internal problems explain.

Historically, from John Kay's invention of the flying shuttle, to the Jenny machine, to the water-powered spinning machine, to the mule machine and the cotton gin, it has been a long journey of six to seventy years.

It was not until the appearance of the cotton gin and mule machine that Europe's cotton textile level was able to compete with Asia.

In the words of later generations, this can be regarded as a latecomer advantage.

Starting from scratch, there are few people engaged in the traditional cotton textile industry and there is little resistance.

Moreover, with warships, bayonets and cannons, it has won several wars of commercial hegemony at sea, and relied on the colonial market to raise the cotton textile industry from scratch.

By the time the nobles and landlords in the wool textile industry system reacted, they could no longer hold back.

Here, it can be clearly stated: If there is no barrier from the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.Then, it is absolutely impossible for the Jenny machine to appear, let alone survive.

In Dashun, the possibility of Jenny Ji surviving is zero.

Because the yarn spun by this thing has poor fastness, it can only be used as weft but not warp, so it needs to be blended with linen or woolen wool to increase its strength.

In Dashun, there is no market at all.You will lose as much as you spin the yarn you spun.

But in Europe, there is a market.

Because the country strongly prohibits imports, administrative orders prohibit the wearing of oriental cotton cloth, and impose heavy taxes on oriental cotton cloth, this kind of blended fabric, which is regarded as "complete garbage" in Asia, can survive in the European market.

And because of the strength of the British navy, the victory of naval battles, mercantilism and shipbuilding under the pressure of heavy taxes, the maritime trade of European countries is subject to navigation regulations.

This is a typical victory of commercial hegemony driving industrial development and protectionism.

Therefore, if Dashun wanted to complete this step, it would be impossible for him to seek the sword and imitate others.

That is to say, when Liu Yu was alive, he led Dashun's reform ideas: technological progress was supplemented, commercial hegemony and shipbuilding were given priority.

Until Liu Yu's death, Dashun's best-selling cotton cloth in the European market was not crushed by steam engines, large looms and mule spinning machines, the so-called "industrial versus industrial"—even if there were certain industrial factors , but that was by no means the main force of Dashun's foreign trade before Liu Yu's death.

It's what the standard old horse said: the logic of commercial hegemony in the pre-industrial era, using shipbuilding and navy to obtain commercial hegemony.

It’s just that this kind of commercial hegemony and primitive accumulation, because of Dashun and Europe’s silver exchange rates, labor prices and other factors, was disguised by Liu Yu as [free trade], [the crushing of backward productivity by advanced productive forces], [under economic determinism] The advanced overcomes the backward].

Since economic determinism is to be criticized.

So, obviously, in Dashun, there are only two ways to complete the transition from the old era to the new era.

Or, strong organizational and control capabilities can stabilize the pain of the disintegration of the old era and the collapse of the small peasant economy, and at the same time have extremely powerful means to prevent capital from flowing back from industry to agriculture.

It does not mean that it is wrong for capital to go to agriculture.Rather, it means that under the conditions before reform and expansion, capital flows to land, and the factors of production means of land are far smaller than the factors of financial speculation and hedging.The flow of private capital in Dashun to the land will not bring about a huge increase in productivity.Because in the 18th century, Dashun’s small-scale peasant economy, especially after the two-year and three-crop agricultural revolution in North China, the yield per mu had reached the peak of the world in the 18th century, and it was difficult to rise.

Therefore, in this situation, a strong visible hand is needed to control the flow of capital from industry and commerce to the land. If the tenant farmers sell their land back to the landlord, they will also be sentenced to prison.

Moreover, there must be an extremely powerful organizational and control power that would scare all countries in the world to death in this era, so as to suppress the pain of transformation and the pain of the disintegration of the small peasant economy.

Obviously, Dashun couldn't do it at all.

Or, you can only choose to expand abroad and follow the model of first-mover and second-mover.The first-mover area obtains raw materials and markets through external expansion, and drives industrial development through the commercial hegemony that Lao Ma said.

And it is definitely not what many people think, what is this budding, that budding.It regards social development as the natural result of economic development, and regards economy as the only factor that plays a role in the process of social development, and denies the role of politics, ideology, and theory in the process of social development.Simply use the automatic function of economic factors to explain complex social phenomena and historical development processes.It is believed that as long as it sprouts, economic factors will automatically work, and everything will be fine.

not like this.

To put it bluntly, Liu Yu's small reforms, from the transfer of the trade center, to the reform of the salt industry to grow cotton, and then to the waste of water transportation, are not at all traumatic compared to Dashun. Reform—if it really gets to the point where King Hong and Li Chuang are all over the place, it will not be reformed at all—just this reform that is far from breaking the bones, how many people died?How many uprisings were suppressed?How many backhands have been arranged?
In the final analysis, commercial hegemony is achieved by building ships, bayonets, battleships, and cannons.

And Dashun's rule in India did not rely on simple things like "advanced productive forces over backward productive forces" or "progress over backwardness".

To put it bluntly, when Dashun hit India, it was better than Britain in terms of the cotton textile industry, but it was nothing compared to India.

So it's not a matter of simple, abstract, comical, meaningless economic decisions.

Rather...a premeditated, cruel, clear, definite, bayonet-cannon, and even anti-human activity to destroy India's local handicraft production capacity and the old economic system.

The goal is very clear:

Destroy India's cotton cloth export industry.

Eighty percent of the weavers in India were starved to death, or forced to go to plantations to pick cotton or spin yarn.

Through the construction of railways and canals, go deep into the interior and disintegrate India's old economic system.

Relying on rice from Bangladesh and Southeast Asia artificially created industrial simplification in areas suitable for cotton planting in northwestern India: growing cotton for rice.

Through the control of daily necessities such as rice, the establishment of the robbery system for commercial capital in the single economic plantation model was completed, and India was forcibly drawn into the capitalist system of Dashun, making India, which was originally a self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy, an economic on the whole.

Simply put, it is "industrial downgrade".

Through artificial means, destroy its productivity and achieve the result of industrial downgrade.From a "cotton hometown" to a place where "only cotton can be grown for spinning, but cotton cloth has to be imported".

If it's just like this, it can be stabilized.

But the current situation is that after Dashun spent 30 years completing an "industrial downgrade" to India, it is preparing to do it again.

In the previous 30 years, it was downgraded from "the whole industrial chain of cotton cloth" to "raw cotton and cotton yarn".

But now, Dashun wants to go one step further.Let India downgrade its industry again.

From "raw cotton and cotton yarn" to "only raw cotton".

It should be said that this time the industrial downgrade can finally borrow the set of economic determinism, at least in the cotton industry, it can be regarded as the victory of the advanced over the backward and the spontaneous evolution of the economy.Because it can be said that the advanced steam engine drives the spindle spinning machine, which overcomes India's backward manual cotton rubbing.

It can also be regarded as making up for the biggest loophole in the new ritual and new order that Dashun derived from the natural order advocated by Liu Yu in recent years.

At the very beginning, when Liu Yu was fooling the natural order, absolute advantage, and relative advantage in Europe, Dashun could use this "free trade" disguise.

On the one hand, Dashun's handicraft production capacity was indeed far superior to that of Europe at that time.

On the other hand, Dashun's silver exchange rate and other issues can indeed hide Liu Yu's deception.

Although it's not that there are no sensible people in Europe who have seen what's inside this early on, but their voices were quickly drowned out by Dashun's side.

Coupled with the general anti-status quo and anti-reality mentality of European countries: that is, there is serious mercantilism in all countries. Under the background of control and trade, things must be reversed. Therefore, Liu Yu's set of things was inherited and distorted by Li Yan into "new etiquette, After the "New Order, New World", it can be said to be very popular.

But in this set of distorted theories, there is a dark cloud that cannot be circumvented.

That is the Indian problem.

The cotton cloth in India is because Dashun’s cotton cloth is of better quality and cheaper, or is it that Dashun’s advances have overcome India’s backwardness?

No.

The destruction of the cotton cloth industry in India stems from Dashun’s navy and strict trade control, as well as India’s colonial rule and tariff control. Even if you have cloth in India, can you sell it?

Go to Persia, strictly censor; go to West Africa, strictly censor; go to Southeast Asia, ban; go to Europe, strictly censor.

At least, Dashun's cotton textile industry has not achieved the so-called result of the so-called advanced defeating the backward from a purely economic point of view.

On the contrary, it was Dashun's bayonets, cannons, warships and massacres that defeated India's cotton textile industry.

Therefore, while Dashun is calling for a new order in Europe and an international system based on free trade; at the same time, it is engaging in tariff destruction and administrative restrictions in India.

This, after all, will make some people in Europe think about it: Fuck, what Liu Yu said seems to make sense, but why what they did and what they said is like the difference between a black bishop and a white knight Big?

Now, the downgrade of India's second industry can finally make up for this loophole.

At least, on the bright side, Dashun has completed industrial upgrading through the "natural order". "Advanced" defeated "backward", steam engine and mule spinning machine defeated India's traditional spinning wheel.

This sounds much nicer and more pleasing to the ear.

Anyway, at least it is more confusing than the one that downgraded India's first industry.

After all, India's first industrial downgrade, from cotton cloth to cotton yarn, was purely solved by Dashun relying on warship bayonet massacres, famines, and banning exports. It's too round.

(End of this chapter)