Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1486 Final Chapter Ninety-Three Years ([-])
Actually this is impossible.

The Physiocrats in the Enlightenment Movement, if you want to engage in free trade, you must engage in free trade.As a result, they just talked about things under the banner of "China's experience", which caused a lot of trouble.Of course, there is also the result of Dashun's efforts to fuel the flames. Things always have two sides. There is no such thing as only good but not bad.

In fact, in the original history, there was already a food crisis in France in 67. At that time, it seemed that when Choiseul was in power, he was inclined to the Enlightenment and Physiocratism.

As a result, when there was a famine, the general attitude of the Physiocrats was "don't care" and "do nothing", relying on the natural order to restore it, without any state interference.

The so-called:
[In 1768, when France collapsed in near-famine, the Physiocrats still called for "inaction", muttering about their natural order, and Quesnay's oriental wisdom]

After the incident, many Enlightenment factions, including those abroad, and even the leader of the Enlightenment movement in Italy, Galliani, quickly cut them off.

It's too scary.

For other things, the natural order can be adjusted spontaneously, but you dare to say that about food, it is indeed too scary.

For other things, such as cotton cloth, whether to engage in free trade or not, France still has linen and woolen cloth to wear.It is not impossible to adjust the adjustment at the end.

Food is different.Historically, the food crisis in 68 and the attitude of the Physiocrats really directly contributed to the revival of French Colbertism.

Physiocrats do not refer to the school of farming, not the later agricultural colleges, breeding majors, agricultural majors... no.

Rather, the land is the only source of value, and industry and the like are just processing things in the land to change their appearance and produce no value at all.Therefore, taxes come from the land, and industry and commerce do not collect taxes at all. In the end, they are as close to the "natural order" as possible, and everything is regulated by the invisible hand.

Since it is said that land is the only source of value, industrial capital and commercial capital are actually "making wedding dresses for others" and selflessly increasing the wealth and profits of landowners, so the existence of industrial and commercial capital is for better The land serves the landowners, that is, the landed nobles.

So, what do they do?Don't worry about them at all, just let them grow spontaneously and disorderly.

To put it more clearly.

The Physiocrats introduced the natural order, the natural order introduced the invisible hand, and the invisible hand introduced free trade.

Therefore, historically, during the two food crises in 68 and 75, the mainstream attitude of the Physiocrats was "no matter", "non-interference", "no action", and relying on the natural order to adjust itself.

In essence, Turgot was influenced by the French tradition after all. In 76, more than 25000 troops were sent to suppress the flour chaos, attack speculators, the state allocated grain control, and provided grain transportation subsidies to food-deficient areas. Amended" Physiocratism.

Of course, in fact, Dashun is also quite broken.

Who the fuck told you to rule by doing nothing, what does doing nothing mean?Who told you that Taoism follows nature, that is, it must rely entirely on the natural order, and wait for the food price to recover by itself without interfering?

Maybe, many people in future generations can't imagine it.

Historically, in the mid-to-late 18th century, that is, before the French revolution, when the French "free trade" and "mercantilism" were frantically jumping left and right, the "Chinese experience" that the French talked about was—— completely unaffected. Restricted free trade, reliance on natural order, and no industrial and commercial taxes only land taxes.

And what happened in 67 did make the Physiocrats lose points.

In 75, when Turgot reformed, the flour wars, hoarding of goods, and skyrocketing food prices were directly brought about in history. It was already doomed that if the law was not reformed, France would definitely go back and forth between free trade and mercantilism. jumped.

With the name of Chinese experience, the Physiocrats pushed the natural order, invisible hand, and free trade there, making Dashun quite passive.

Coupled with the widespread conspiracy theory of [Famine Conspiracy] in France, coupled with the free trade advocated by Dashun, and Dashun as a "pagan" and strong anti-Christian tendencies and policies...

With a little empathy, it is easy to guess what kind of conspiracy theories will arise and how powerful anti-Dashun sentiment will be aroused throughout Europe.

This is normal.

Originally, [Famine Conspiracy] was a famous French shit pot in history.It is the peasants and the lower class in the old era of transition, unable to adapt to the reaction of capitalist morality-the reaction here, like exploitation, does not have any moral color, but only depicts social consciousness or production relations.

What is capitalist morality in an ideal state?There is a shortage of food in Paris, but the price of food in Amsterdam is more expensive. Then I, a French province, will give it to whoever pays more. Why do I have to sell it to Paris first because I am French?The local people feel that food is being transported abroad, which has led to high local food prices. They smashed warehouses, carriages, and bakeries. You vile multitudes, despicable gangsters, do you understand what free trade is?What is private ownership?What is a market?
What is [the virtue of free trade in the international market, replacing the moral obligations of the old country]?

Now, this big shit basin is so closely tied to Dashun's side, it's really yellow mud falling off the crotch, you can't tell whether it's shit or not.

The French Physiocrats, the Italian Lombard Reformers, and the British Free Traders, these economic schools in the Enlightenment, all tend to the natural order as a whole.

That is: the natural order that is the result of human action, not human design.

That is, the idealized model of capitalist society.

This model was soon opposed and revised in France, Italy, etc., which aroused great backlash.

Including, the flag bearers of the Enlightenment movement in Italy that supported the natural order in history, Galliani, Bodro Vili and others, all put forward a concept in this speculation in history.

It is called【One country cannot benefit without another country failing】.

Later generations will call this argument a zero-sum game.

The natural order faction in Italy quickly made amendments to the fundamentalist Physiocratism, because Galliani discovered that free trade is good.But now the fucking world is connected, and the Italian border grain-producing areas prefer to ship grain abroad, which also caused the famine in Italy.

Historically, Galliani was the first to revise the theory of the Physiocrats: the state should intervene appropriately, and exports should be prohibited when food is insufficient.Moreover, the free circulation of domestic grain trade should be completed first, and then export should be considered.

However, it is obvious that this revised "half-baked" theory was quickly attacked according to the degree of bewilderment of beliefs on the European side-an incomplete natural order is a completely unnatural order.

The orthodox Physiocrats first started spraying the Italian Enlightenment. Do you know what natural order is?Do you know what it means that people should not design order, but let order become the result of human behavior?
The Colbert faction in France was naturally overjoyed.After spraying the Physiocrats in their country, they immediately fired at the Enlightenment in Italy. Jacques Necker, after spraying Turgot, sprayed Galliani.

In this, it is a bit like the debate when the iron and salt were discussed: should the state interfere in the economy?If there is interference, which ones should be interfered, which ones should not be interfered, and which ones should be completely left alone?Can money be minted by private individuals?Can salt be done privately?Should things like food be regulated, or should they be regulated spontaneously by the natural order?
The political situation in France is somewhat different from that in Dashun.

Theoretically speaking, Dashun is not truly free trade.The imperial court wanted to control the price of grain through means such as rice harvesting and disaster relief; moreover, at least before Liu Yu’s reform, Dashun followed the traditional path, and the export control was also very strict: rice, war horses, saltpeter, etc. Cannot be exported.

The problem is that France does not have a bureaucratic group with an imperial examination system, nor a county system, nor a real court.

This makes it difficult for France to learn Dashun.At least I can’t learn it now, and it’s possible to practice it after the French Revolution, but it’s definitely not possible now.

Or, free trade.

Or, mercantilism.

There is really no way to make a mixed state all by yourself.

France has a monarch, but no government bureaucracy; an internal court, but no external court; officials, but no examination system.

Politically, something is missing.

What is missing is very crucial.

What is missing is the economic reform that Dashun can reach to a certain extent to take the third step; while under the old French system, it can only jump left and right between Physiocratism and Colbertism, and cannot produce a stable intermediate state.

why?

In fact, this matter is also easy to understand.

The reform of the Physiocrats relied on the power of the monarchy, or the centralization of power was expressed in the form of monarchy.

Therefore, in order to succeed in reform, it is necessary to strengthen the centralization of power.

And the monarchy in France is different from the imperial power in Dashun.

The monarchy of France is based on the old system of aristocracy.

But to reform, it is necessary to harm the interests of the nobility.

This matter, or through a radical revolution, Daxi Wang possessed himself, killed the old nobles and killed the king, and created a form of centralization that does not require a monarch to create a real France in terms of politics rather than geography.

Want to go back to the old system?kill.

Do you want to set a price limit?kill.

Against price ceilings?kill.

Indiscriminately?kill.

Subdivision?kill.

Physiocratic natural order?kill.

Colbert State Control?kill.

Royalist?kill.

Constitutionalists?kill.

Moderate republic?kill.

Radical republic?kill.

Fantasy Club?kill.

In the end, the extreme and radical idealists on both sides were killed, and only the old Grandet was left, so it was stable.

The original owners of the land were basically killed, except for some land allocated to small farmers, most of the land was auctioned off.Since it is sold, someone has to buy it.

Above is a large group of old Grandets; below is a group of dazed small farmers who can only hope for Caesar.

Or, just like here in Dashun, there is the legacy of the ancestors: there are Shang Yang's reforms, legalist centralized prefectures and counties, Huangchao massacre clans, imperial examinations, printing and paper to break cultural monopoly...

Of course, these two things can basically be regarded as one thing.

However, Dashun spent thousands of years, repeated uprisings, struggles, reforms, coups, etc., and finally came to an end.

On the French side, in just a few decades, it is doomed to finish all this.

Grande in Dashun was formed over thousands of years and is bound to private ownership of land—I don’t care whoever becomes emperor, who protects private ownership, who recognizes land titles, who can bring order, I will support whoever .

Therefore, those who revert to the old will die; those who equalize the land will die; those who own the king's land will die;

On the French side, everything is happening too fast, everything is still unstable, and someone needs to guard all these new things, guard the real estate that Grandets got from the old nobles, guard private ownership, and guard the new order.

Who will guard?Napoleon.What if Napoleon is gone?Get someone like Napoleon.

What did Napoleon guard?What is guarded is private ownership, that is, the interests of the group of people who have obtained benefits in the legal revolution. They need to use these things to turn them into "sacred and their own" things.

Otherwise, what should we do when the nobles are restored?

For example, the vineyards of the old Grandet, bought at a low price, belonged to the confiscated aristocratic property.So what if the nobles come back?
The scriptures should be read privately and sacredly.What I bought with money is mine. You don’t care if I bribed or used shady means when I bought it, it’s useless.Because this is a moral issue and does not involve the highest sacred right of private ownership.

But chanting scriptures can't kill nobles.

Although Grandet has made a fortune, but the money is too much and the amount is too little.

No one, so you can't ask small farmers for help?

On the one hand, by chanting scriptures, the sanctity of private ownership is confirmed.

On the one hand, chanting scriptures can’t kill people, and the weapons of criticism cannot replace the criticism of weapons, so a god of war is needed: nobles who come to demand land, die; foreign interference, die; churches want land, die; relatives of the king, Dry to death.

After all, chanting takes time.

The chanting time is relatively long, it takes two to 30 years before casting the spell, and it is easy to be interrupted.

Therefore, when chanting sutras, someone must stand outside to block possible interruptions until the chanting is completed.This person can be beaten by thieves.

After the divinity of private ownership has been read out, this will become what the old horse said [the bourgeois system used to let the state guard the newly created small piece of land at the beginning of this century, and praised it as much as possible, but now it has become The vampires have come to suck its heart and brains and throw it into the alchemical furnace of capital].

Therefore, it is also doomed that something big will happen to France.

Because we have reached this point, and our productivity has reached this point.

Dashun used hundreds of thousands of years of examples to tell Europe and North America: When the yield per mu is [-] jin, blast furnace iron technology, printing technology have been established, and the land is profitable, clear, exclusive land, land Tradable and private ownership must be determined.

Anyone who opposes will die.

The general trend of the world is mighty.Those who follow it prosper, those who go against it perish.

As for whether you rely on the first type of private ownership to attract people, first formulate private ownership, and then use the second type of private ownership to murder the first type of private ownership.

In other words, just like the United Kingdom, during the enclosure movement, both private ownership and the second type of private ownership were established, omitting the process of legal and reasonable gradual annexation under private ownership.

Then it's up to each other.

However, the French reform under the old order will definitely take the form of jumping left and right, or it will be so radical that the grain trade is completely free and cause a nationwide famine; Go back again.

After all, Physiocratism is too radical.

In France, it really doesn't work.On the British side, relying on massacres, massacres, religious persecution, moistening North America, external expansion, trade, mercantilism, and protectionism, it overcame the pain of enclosure.

This set of French Physiocrats is so radical that Lao Ma laments that this set of things is simply the most radical capitalism in feudal France at that time.

If you do this, let alone the nobles, first ask the poor, small farmers, non-owner farmers, tenant farmers, urban sans-culottes, those who cannot afford bread, and handicraftsmen everywhere. They agree or disagree.

Dashun can recognize the Physiocratism, but the problem is that Dashun has previous dynasties and rebels who have solved many things and made it a "basically perfect, in line with the yield of more than [-] per mu." Pound and blast furnace iron productivity level, under the steady-state structure of private ownership of small estates.

Moreover, there is indeed no so-called "international grain market" in Dashun.

Food from France can be sold to Amsterdam and Berlin, all abroad; where can grain from Dashun be sold abroad?Siam, where the food price is much lower than that of Dashun?Or is it the North Korean country that relies on selling grain to sustain itself under the grain-for-sale system?Or sell to Annan with the Red River Delta?
Therefore, to a certain extent, the "physiocratism" of Dashun is more inclined to the "physiocratism" of the Italian Enlightenment, which is "free trade" based on the domestic market.

Moreover, due to transportation factors and the business law of "do not sell and buy for thousands of miles" in inland conditions, Dashun has actually maintained a "regional market" in a state of "regardless of control"— ——That is, after the development of Songsu, the reason why the prince introduced the "rice ban" in the economic crop reform in Hubei before, he did not consider the regional market of grain, and the "false" domestic market caused by Dashun's logistics conditions Completely free trade issue.

(End of this chapter)