Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1485 Final Chapter Ninety-Three Years ([-])
In terms that are easier to understand on the Chinese side, what exactly were Turgot's reforms in history?

One: Recruitment Act.France does not have the Yellow River to build, but as I said before, France needs to build roads, relying on corvee labor, and Turgo wants to introduce a method of recruiting labor, using money as a substitute for labor.

Two: Cancel the preferential treatment for gentry.Of course, France has preferential treatment for gentry, but they are not called million students, but hundreds of thousands of nobles.

Three: Cancel the commercial tax, all taxes come from the land, and check the acres of land.

Four: Abolish guilds.The guilds in France are different from those in China. They are supported by feudal law and have legal principles. The guilds can directly protest to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and ask the East India Company to stop importing lacquerware and silk from the East. .

It can only be said that Turgo in history is just trying to die.

Because, if you want to do all this, you have to strengthen the centralization.In the case of the existence of the monarchy, it can also mean strengthening the monarchy.

All these reforms are pinned on the monarchy.

However, there is one big difference between France and China.

Starting from Shang Yang, in 2000, there was a basis for placing reforms on the central government.

Even so, it took Liu Yu more than 30 years to create a new political force; before that, there were various reforms, reforms, imperial examinations, and official systems for more than 2000 years, all the way to the beginning of the founding of Dashun. system of checks and balances.

France does not have this condition.

To strengthen the power of the monarchy and strengthen the centralization of power, the king must die first.

If you dare to do this, the nobles can beat the king's shit out.Before Louis XV’s financial discussion, the High Court of Paris strongly opposed the investigation of the land. The reason used was that it violated the French constitution and freedom-the king’s inspection of the land violated the freedom of the nobility and violated the French traditional constitution. of.

Turgot's reforms created a situation that France had never encountered before: a national crisis and chaos.

It is no longer the original regional crisis, chaos, famine and so on.

It should be noted that at this time, especially in absolute monarchy countries, centralization is sometimes achieved by strengthening the monarchy.Strengthening centralization and breaking regional divisions means challenging the power of the aristocracy.

Turgot's grain reform, right?

Correct.

It broke the feudal area in the past, created the conditions for the French national market, and laid the foundation for the birth of France in the economic sense.

But, the problem is, if you do this, you have to be ready.

You didn't prepare anything, how dare you do this?

Is your grain depot ready?
Is Cao Mi ready?

Is Changping warehouse ready?
Is the storehouse ready?
Is the Governor of Water Transport ready?

Are supporting policies ready?

Is the new official selection method ready?

If you don’t have any preparations, you dare to engage in national free trade in grains if you want money but no money, soldiers but no soldiers, and food but no food...

What are you reforming?

You are trying to die.

Free trade is not wrong. In the long run, it is impossible to hoard for several years, and the price will always drop.

But the problem is that the purpose of economics should be people, rather than people becoming the elements of economics.

If a person does not eat, he will die; if a person is under the control of the invisible hand, he will rebel. You have to take this issue into consideration.

Economics is economics.

Reality is reality.In reality, you have to consider the things that people eat, shit, sleep, and wear clothes. Some things, such as eating, can’t wait for three to five years to adjust themselves, and you can’t afford to wait.

Turgot, or in other words, the French Physiocratic School, the essence of its doctrine is three points:

Govern by doing nothing.

Another translation method is called natural order, which is an idealized capitalist society of private ownership.

Well-off prosperity.

Another translation method is called euphoria.

Equalitarianism... There is no need for another translation method for this.

Lao Ma said that Turgo was exploring the way for Fage.

indeed so.

The turmoil in 93, the land decree in July, and the follow-up until Nasan came to power as the emperor of the small peasants were the inevitable evolution of all this.

Of course, this is the original history.

Now, of course, things are different.

Turgo's reform, in this time and space, was successful to a certain extent.

Voltaire's exclamation of "my heart will never be peaceful" when Turgot was dismissed in history is only half of the sigh.

After all, it was a partial success, and it still did not touch the real land issue in France.

On the one hand, because Dashun participated in the war that year, France won the first World War, and the financial problem was not that big.

Secondly, Dashun forced Britain to ban protectionism, which greatly accelerated the development of agriculture in North America. During the famine in 75, France had both money and cheap food from overseas.

Thirdly, Dashun has given France some support.

The concept of governing the country, taking history as a mirror, the political issues of a unified country, the game between the central and local governments, the profit-seeking nature of businessmen, and so on.

Due to the close communication between Dashun and France, Turgo did not get the political situation of Dashun from Gao Leisi and Yang Dewang, two half-level foreign students.

To be honest, scholars and scholars may not understand these things, or they understand them too ideally.

However, Turgo's reform has endured for 75 years, but after all, it still has not survived the severe drought in 88.

It can be described as "yesterday again".

A series of problems such as food shortages, hoarding, and riots at the bottom quickly evolved into "national" problems that France could hardly understand before-at this point, France still lacks a long period of unification of the country. In history, it is indeed difficult to understand what is a national issue, rather than a local, parish, or regional issue of a certain fiefdom.

To some extent, France's luck was "very bad". Just after some domestic unified market and free trade reforms, it experienced a "Little Ice Age" climate-the eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland in 1783, which continued It has drastically affected Europe's climate, grain harvest and other issues for ten years.

And these problems are accompanied by the fact that France does not have a deep understanding of the "country" and lacks long-term experience in truly unifying the internal market, making it insufficient to deal with problems such as hoarding, monopoly speculation, and price manipulation of necessities.

Another factor is the exchange between the East and the West, Columbus' species exchange in the Americas, Liu Yu's smallpox in Dashun, and the introduction of Eastern agricultural technology to Europe.

This caused the French population to soar from less than 1700 million in 2000 to 2900 million at this time.

This also led to the very famous [Famine Conspiracy] in France:
Population explosion.

Volcanic eruptions cause temperatures to cool.

In addition, at this time, Turgo introduced a free trade policy, and he dared to use grain to engage in free trade when he came up with courage.

As a result, the whole of France was stunned.

Feudalism has feudal morality and a whole system.

Capitalism has capitalist morality.

Under feudal morality, the food in this area is not enough to eat, so it is not allowed to be transported away.

And under a capitalist ethic, or a free trade ethic, the freedom of the market allows speculators to freely export grain to countries that will sell it for more, even if it means that country doesn't have enough grain.

[The virtues of free trade in the international market replace the moral obligations of the old state]

During the Ancien Regime, grains were the basis of peasant diets, and food security was at the heart of the relationship between kings and their people.Therefore, it was the king and his government's responsibility to regulate the grain trade and ensure a balance between national and local supply and demand.

Before France, there was a whole set of complex, controlled, mandatory, baker's laws and regulations.Used to maintain basic bread prices.

However, the eighteenth century saw the development of liberal ideas, especially the desire to place the economic role of the state in the hands of the market.The theoretical hope of the Physiocrats in deregulating prices and removing trade privileges was to activate competition, lower the price of grain and improve its distribution.

However, this transition is so fast that many people are not used to it.

It is not to say that free trade is bad and capitalism is bad.

It is to say that the feudal society lasted for thousands or hundreds of years, taking history as a mirror, and repairing various problems encountered bit by bit.

It can be said that if you have a headache, you can treat your head and feet.

However, after thousands of years and hundreds of years of tinkering, at least on the issue of bread prices, there is a whole set of ways to deal with it.Although it is not very strong, and even treats the symptoms but not the root cause, at least it has this thing.

Turgo, however, has no experience with what might happen when he engages in this kind of reform, and he cannot "learn from history" at all, and it is even less likely that he will have enough time to tinker and make it run perfectly.

History is the history of class struggle.

The struggle in feudal society created a series of laws and policies in feudal society to ease contradictions.

The struggle in the new era will naturally create a series of laws and policies in the new era to ease contradictions.

History, originally, develops in struggle.

It does not mean that after reciting a sutra, all problems will be solved at once.

There are problems, struggles.

It can be solved, which proves that it is not time to die.

There are problems, struggles.

If it can't be solved, the old framework can't solve it, which also proves that the old era is over.

However, in the new era, it does not mean that if one policy is changed, the old problems will be solved and everything will be fine.

no.

Instead, new problems and new contradictions will arise.

Therefore, in the face of reforms, especially after grain can be sold freely and inter-provincial transactions are no longer restricted.

[Famine Conspiracy] came into being: What the fuck reforms.All segments of society, including the poor, the police, and members of the government, believed that the new free trade laws for grain and flour were not for them, but to satisfy the agenda of interest groups looking to make more money.

This in itself is also a struggle.It's just that, at the turn of the old and new times, many people understand the problem as a simple, easy-to-understand "conspiracy theory" that draws good guys and bad guys.

If you don’t understand this, you won’t understand why when the 93 storm came, the radicals were so enthusiastic about “cracking down on speculators and setting the maximum price”, and they were so radical that they were even called “madmen”. group".Because they were really harmed by speculators and businessmen who hoarded their goods.

Don't persuade people to be kind without suffering.

Even, the conspiracy theory said that the Duke of Orleans, with the funding of the British government, carried out speculative purchases of wheat in 88, because he wanted to create chaos and kill Louis XVI, who was the heir in line.

Excluding conspiracy theories, in the context of the 88 disaster, the Bank of England and Prime Minister Pete Jr. did directly sell and bought a lot of French grain.

Under such a catastrophe, it is possible to continue to speculate. It can only be said that the next thing is to die well and seek benevolence.

Of course, this is also one of the reasons why the idiom [emphasis on agriculture and despise business] quickly flowed into France in this time and space, and soon had a standardized translation.

Dashun made suggestions to France.

To reform, yes.

But something to go with it, to replace the otherwise complex and westward-looking baker's bylaws.

At the very least, you have to stabilize food prices—the French asked the people in Dashun, how do you know this?The people in Dashun told the French that we were originally from the rebels, and we were an empire built on the basis of the catastrophe in the late Ming Dynasty. How do we know?
Do you know that in order to stabilize food prices, local officials have even considered such things as famines in the south of the Yangtze River and the fact that they are not used to wheat and told the court to collect rice instead of wheat to stabilize food prices?
Thus, in this time and space, the famine of 88 erupted into chaos that spread throughout France.However, the reformists were quickly suppressed, and some young officers also stood out through the suppression of the Flour War.

In addition, North America was forced by Dashun to engage in free trade, and the development of Dashun's steam engine and railway technology brought about the improvement of France's early railway transportation channels, etc., which temporarily suppressed the turmoil in France.

However, all of this is only temporary.

Because, here, there is another special factor, that is Dashun's funding to France.

Not to help France.

It is to defend the "free trade" system.

Now, the whole of Europe is waking up, thinking about free trade, the suppression of domestic industries, and the astonishing outflow of silver throughout Europe.

And the French "free trade" theory is precisely based on the "Physiocratic School", and it is precisely the theory that has the greatest relationship with Dashun.

If we say that this set of theories cannot even solve the food problem.

Then, under the background that Dashun's free trade system crazily suppresses the development of European industries, especially the development of the textile industry and light industry, the European market, which is very important to Dashun, will be in jeopardy.

Therefore, after the outbreak of the Flour War in 88, Dashun immediately helped France transport a lot of grain from North America to help stabilize prices.

Not because of the so-called "monarchy" alliance, but to safeguard the vital European market of Dashun, and the supporters of "free trade", "physiocrats", and "natural order theory" behind the European market.

Dashun now likes those compradors, speculators, and financiers in Europe.But for small farmers, handicraftsmen, and native European industrial capital, it is quite insensitive.

But now, "dark clouds" are spreading across Europe.Peasants, handicraftsmen, and national industrial capitals in various countries are trying to break free from this "shackle".

Dashun, on the other hand, does not have the power to directly invade Europe and maintain this trading system.

Because, if you fight in India, Dashun can make shit out of Europe; but if you fight in Europe, Europe can make shit out of Dashun's delivery ability.

Therefore, as a model of the "Physiocratic School" and "Learning from the East to the West", France can carry it to this day.

The Dashun School actually does not recognize the Physiocrats. They actually deny that land is the only source of value, but recognize the value of labor.There are actually fundamental differences between the two sides, but at the turn of the new era and when agriculture was still the main industry in France, such differences can be ignored.

The key point is that Dashun wants the European market, and it is impossible to solve the direct invasion by violence, so it must support a model to resist the intensified awakening of European national capital.If there is even a problem with food, the free trade that Liu Yu advocated in Europe before will be greatly reduced.

And the French Physiocratic School itself has an unclear relationship with Dashun.If you say it’s okay, it’s useless. If everyone thinks it’s relevant, then it really does.If something really happened, it would be directly labeled as "received money from the Chinese".

(End of this chapter)