Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1477 Parting Warning ([-])

Judging from the experience of the last construction of the Sichuan-Han Railway in the Qing Dynasty, it is not impossible to complete infrastructure construction by means of "forced savings" or "forced industrial investment bonds".

However, you must be clear in your mind that on the side where private ownership does not require "enlightenment", you can either rely on means similar to "three rates" or the means used by Emperor Sui Yang to build the Grand Canal to make it completely belong to the court. You have the ability to suppress the uprising at the end of the Sui Dynasty and the uprising at the end of the Ming Dynasty; or you can use compulsory industrial bonds to make savings, but if it is done like the Manchu Qing Dynasty, if you run out of money to play, you will renege on your debts, then there will definitely be big troubles.

Li Yan thought about it, saying that it is necessary to engage in compulsory redemption, which is tantamount to forcing landlords to save, invest in industrial bonds, or force industrial capital not to return to agriculture.

This idea... It can only be said that there are still some shortcomings.

Obviously, since Li Yan did not dare to equalize the land and also supported the method of dividing the internal and external, his policy of this kind was at most implemented in the first-developed areas.

However, a little calculation shows that the ratio of renting and self-cultivation in Shandong has not yet reached an outrageous level.

Only relying on compulsory redemption in the first-developed areas, and using administrative means to force landlords to engage in compulsory savings... Simply put, there is not enough money.

But Li Yan absolutely did not have the guts to extend this policy to the whole country.There is no need to think about it, because if you dare to do reforms and reforms, it will be Wang Mang's reform.

Therefore, Li Yan also said before that with the help of Dashun's upcoming currency reform, relying on national credit and banks, as the baton, let capital be controlled to flow to the place where it should flow.

But still the same.

After you have built the road, without your command, the capital will go to the Songliao Watershed to enclose land and grow soybeans.

The key is road construction, not land development after road construction.

Or, find a way to get money.

For example, learn Liu Yu's hibiscus foam method.To evolve, it is to take the three-way method, and through financial means, fast in and fast out to earn interest spreads and discounts, to ensure that the bubble does not explode, and to afford the promised high dividends.Invest in infrastructure, etc.

Or, it is necessary to pinch the two things of railway and land enclosure together.

The land in the Songliao watershed was used in advance as a "return for investment in infrastructure", and the state-owned land was actually sold at a low price.

That is to say, the root cause of the problem lies in the lack of resources in the hands of the Dashun court, while the private capital is very rich.

If the Dashun court had enough resources, then building roads would be a trivial matter, and state investment would be the only thing.But obviously, the Dashun court did not have the capital.

Since the resources in the hands of the Dashun court are obviously not enough, it is necessary to consider private capital.

Capital is of course a good thing.

If the Dashun court has enough capital in its hands to rely on the government to solve the railway problem, then this is equivalent to the increase in the value of the land north of the Songliao watershed, which can be attributed to the court, thus realizing a positive cycle. more things.

And if not, then roads need to be built, which means that the value-added land driven by the railway in the future must be handed over to private investors.In particular, Dashun has gradually formed a group of original chaebols and financial capital groups accumulated through shipping, foreign trade, and monopolizing trade with Japan.

At the same time, the emerging military aristocrats of Dashun, the military officer corps of the Practical School, etc., may be bound together with these emerging financial capital groups through marriage or other means.

This group has actually begun to take shape now.

Because, now gold and silver are the world currency, and Dashun inherited the silver currency reform of Ming Dynasty, and at the same time, it lacks mountains of gold and silver.Therefore, in essence, the previous foreign trade group was Dashun’s note-issuing bank. The amount of gold and silver they held in their hands was actually far greater than that of the Dashun court—Dashun’s internal currency was theoretically copper coins, but Daming also No matter whether it is good or Dashun, there was no "compulsory foreign exchange settlement" before, that is, the forced exchange of foreign trade silver into internal copper coins or precious banknotes.The exchange coupons that Liu Yu tried in the first-developed areas only set up certain obstacles for capital to flow to the inland to acquire land and hoard goods.

Li Yan may not know the political and economic significance of what he is doing, what he wants to do, and what he is doing.

In other words, he did not consciously promote the development of capitalism.

However, this set of capitalism is not so easy to understand.It does not mean that building two textile factories and building two railways is called capitalism.

To figure it out, or to avoid going in the wrong direction, one must understand the situation in Dashun, the situation in this land, and what capitalism really is.

Lao Ma said: 【In principle, economics confuses the two types of private ownership.One of those two kinds of private property is the producer's own labor for itself.The other is based on the exploitation of other people's labor]

[The latter is not only the opposite of the former, but also completely develops on the grave of the former].

This sentence is the key to solving the Dashun problem.

It is the key to not making it into a situation where the boat is chasing the sword and imitating others.

Simply put, both are private ownership.

Under private ownership as the highest principle, the latter kind of private owner can "legally" murder the former under private ownership.

In the end, the former was completely killed and developed on its corpse.And the whole process is completely legal, because private ownership is law.

So, what is the significance of the European Enlightenment and the bourgeois revolution?
Answer: Creating private ownership is the highest principle.That is to create conditions for the latter private ownership to "legally" murder the former private ownership.

This process is carried out in two completely different forms in England and France, especially on land.

in England.

The enclosure movement determined private ownership and clarified ownership.Originally, those village communal lands, communal lands, peasants’ feudal rights, perpetual tenancy rights, customary land rents, traditional land rents, etc., which are not clear and unclear, are all shit in the face of private ownership.

It's no longer so complicated, and it's no longer unclear whose land it is, whether I have the right to graze sheep on this land or not.

Under private ownership, what’s mine is mine, and what’s yours is yours.After enclosing the land, the enclave has the complete right to dispose of the land. I rent it to whoever I like, and I only need to collect as much rent as I like. You can’t keep sheep and live here. It's none of my business?

That is to say, the British enclosure movement not only sanctified the ownership of private ownership, but also completed the legal murder of the former by the latter private ownership by means of violence.

In France.

The Enlightenment was developing.

The storm in 93 completely solved the problem of private ownership of land, making private ownership the highest and most sacred social norm.

In terms of legal power, legal conditions and ideological conditions have been created for the latter private ownership to "legally" murder the former private ownership.

but……

But, apparently, they forgot one thing.

You want to kill me, but I don't want to die, what should I do?

This can be regarded as laying the foundation for France to become an "old revolutionary base" after the 18th century.

The storm in 93 gave birth to "sacred" private ownership, but it also caused the small peasant class in France, that is, the power of the first type of private ownership, to expand dramatically.

Small farmers are against both feudalism and capital.They strongly want to maintain private ownership, but they also strongly hope that private ownership remains the first type of private ownership.

Before the storm of '93.

Later, Arthur Young, the director of the British Bureau of Agriculture, once conducted social surveys in France.

He asked the French peasants: "If I were a lord, what would you do?" 】

The French farmer replied naturally: [Of course I will hang you to death, you deserve it. 】

This is hatred of the lord.

And what about the bourgeoisie?
[In the gradually emerging peasant associations in the countryside, it is not difficult to find peasants’ hatred for the urban bourgeoisie.Peasants will hold separate meetings and draft petition letters alone... They often put forward the large tracts of land occupied by the bourgeoisie under the new ownership system in the petition letter]

For example, private ownership, yes.

However, the common land in the village should belong to us peasants, so why is it sold to the bourgeoisie?Who did they buy it from?Why should the seller sell it?

However, in the turmoil of the Legal Revolution, the bourgeoisie must first determine the sanctity of private ownership, and then slowly resolve the situation where the latter private ownership legally murders the former.

So they summoned Gracchus, Brutus, and even Caesar himself, took the peasants, and it was done.The sacred principle of private ownership has been confirmed, and those feudal messes have been smashed.

Then, the situation of the French small farmers mentioned by Lao Ma in "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Bonaparte" naturally appeared: the oppression of the feudal aristocracy disappeared, but the bourgeoisie rode on the head again, mortgages and loans , Annexation of these problems, so that small farmers in France fell into widespread poverty.

Therefore, Lao Ma asserted: In the country of small peasants, the old bourgeois revolution will not work where small peasant ownership has been established, because the peasants have already obtained what they want.And the first kind of private ownership that the small peasants want to protect must also perish.Therefore, in repeated struggles, the small farmers will completely smash the superstition of old things such as the emperor and Napoleon, and eventually they will inevitably unite with the proletarian workers in the cities to overthrow the old world.

So, what does it mean to put these things in Dashun?
Dashun needs a long enlightenment campaign to tell farmers what is private ownership?

Things that are taken for granted do not need to be constantly explained and debated; only abnormal things need to be explained and debated.

In Dashun, do you need to enlighten the farmers and say: under private ownership, your land is yours, and mine is mine. You can’t come to my land to pick ears, because I have all the disposal of my land right.

Farmers in Dashun would not exclaim: Wow, that makes sense, so it is so?Thank you so much for your enlightenment and enlightenment.

Farmers in Dashun would just roll their eyes and curse: Are you out of your mind?I use you to tell me?Not to mention the ears of wheat on the ground, the feces of my dog ​​are all mine, and it’s not okay for others to pick them up and fertilize them.

Therefore, in Dashun, if you want to take the road of capitalism, the focus of the problem is not the Enlightenment Movement at all, or it must not be the Enlightenment Movement that is imitated by Dongshi.

The point is that the second type of private ownership, how to complete the murder of the first type of private ownership technically, efficiently, and skillfully.

What is legal murder under private ownership?

Take a simple example.

Land annexation.

I am a landlord, lend money to small farmers, and use the land of small farmers as collateral, and then I will take over the land if it is not paid by the due date.

The whole process, under the highest sanctity of private ownership, is perfectly legal.

As for such things as cheating, cheating, cheating, nine out of ten, beating, and intimidation, this has nothing to do with the "sacredness of private ownership."The sanctity of private ownership is reflected in the fact that even if you cheat and lend money, you still have to get the title deed in the end.

This is the second type of private ownership, the "legal" murder of the first type of private ownership under the supreme legal authority of private ownership.

However, judging from the past dynasties, this kind of "legal" murder is bound to fail.

When the landlord takes out the land deeds, sales documents, and fingerprints of debts, saying that these are in line with sacred private ownership.

Heroes such as Li Zicheng, Zhang Xianzhong, Gao Yingxiang, and Wang Pingping would clap the knives in their hands and ask: Is private ownership sacred?Or is my knife sacred?

Therefore, at this moment, the two kinds of private ownership that Lao Ma said economists confuse are immediately distinct.

Small farmers are not economists.

So small farmers are very clear that they want private ownership, but what they want is the first type of private ownership.

And it is clear that, in their eyes, it is the first kind of private property, not private property itself, that is sacred.

In other words, small farmers know better than economists that there are two distinct and often confused forms of private ownership.

The "private ownership" mentioned by many so-called economists is actually "I own the ownership".

The essence of private ownership is not "I have".

It's "disposition".

In other words, the essence of private ownership is that I can sell my things and have them owned by others.

Only under private ownership, the second type of private ownership, can "legally" murder the first type of private ownership and build on its corpse.

Law is the ruling tool of the ruling class and needs violence to maintain.The supporters of the second type of private ownership do not have enough power, and it is impossible to have enough power, to maintain the second type of private ownership.

Therefore, if you want to take the road of Dashun capital, you need skills and technology.

Murder is a technical job.

In the land annexation cycle, this kind of murder is without skill.

It gave people the feeling that he was just a little boy who wanted to stab a strong man to death with a knife before he grew up.As a result, every time the strong man snatched the knife back, he swooped in and killed him back.

Therefore, this may require one step back and two steps forward; it may also require two steps back and one step forward; it may even require a detour.

In short, strengthen the forces supporting the second type of private ownership, or quietly raise the strength of the second type of private ownership under the stance of "protecting" small farmers.

If a child kills an adult, he will be killed in return.

And if the child grows up and the adult gets old, how about killing it again?
The old emperor was an unconscious promoter of history, and so should Li Yan. Obviously, they did not have a system of knowledge in their minds, and it was impossible to say that Li Yan and the old emperor were standing on the second type of private ownership, that is, the bourgeoisie. Do things for profit.

However, what they did was also an insight into Dashun's economic foundation.

Therefore, they fear the bankruptcy of small farmers and the acceleration of mergers.

Even, Li Yan proposed to force the redemption, the forced saving of the ransom money of the landlords, and the forced investment in industrial and mining infrastructure, forcing them to transform.

However, this also means that Li Yan's thoughts at least touched the real problem of Dashun.

Including, Dashun's practical school radicals, the idea of ​​equalizing land, relocating people, and then developing industry and commerce is also the same.

The idea is to take one step back and two steps forward.The purpose of relocating and colonizing first is for the convenience of killing in the future, the resistance is not strong, and the internal market is created to strengthen the power of the industrial bourgeoisie.

Or:

The agricultural revolution in Europe was the cornerstone of the disintegration of feudalism, and it also made the development of capitalism in Europe start from agriculture.

As for Dashun, is it necessary for the development of capitalism to start with agriculture?
Does the significance of the European Agricultural Revolution in the 17th century to Europe have any significance to Dashun?

In terms of primitive accumulation, Dashun has a world-class handicraft industry, as well as "specialties" such as silk tea, rhubarb porcelain, brass lacquerware and so on.

In terms of the increase in yield per mu, the agricultural revolution in Europe in the 17th century was far inferior to that in North China in the 18th century.

In terms of labor force, Dashun really has no shortage.

So, why do we have to cut a boat and ask for a sword, and have to imitate others?
Why not see through the appearance, investigate the essence, understand the contradiction between the first type of private ownership and the second type of private ownership, and understand that even if Dashun wants to adopt capitalism, it must never start in agriculture.Instead, it is necessary to develop the industry while protecting the interests of small farmers as much as possible.

Liu Yu's crazy external expansion, supporting the old emperor to increase internal tariffs, is the idea.

Li Yan's attempt to build roads, redeem and transform, and migrate farmers to solve the conflict between people and land in the Central Plains is still the same idea.

The Practical School's idea of ​​equalizing land, taxation, immigration, and then developing industry and commerce, first expanding the internal market through cultivation, and then developing industries, is still the same way of thinking.

In the final analysis, one sentence:

How to limit the development of capitalism in agriculture and how to protect the development of capitalism in industry are the fundamental issues for Dashun to transform.

In Dashun, the invisible hand had the opposite effect.

In this era that can be called "late feudalism, pre-commercial capitalism", when private ownership has been established, Europe and Dashun are actually in this transitional period.

However, this transition period behaves differently.

In the Netherlands, this transitional period of commercial capitalism is reflected in finance, lending, shipping, commerce, and speculation.

In the United Kingdom, triangular trade is reflected in finance, shipping, commercial transactions, and navigation laws.

In Dashun, it is reflected in the flow of capital to cultivated land, using cultivated land as a high-return, low-risk financial investment—the risk is almost zero. Many literati and bureaucrats talked about this issue in the mid-Qing Dynasty. This is the reality, and fools don’t invest. What about the land?

The fate of the Netherlands is that the financial industry has destroyed Dutch industry.

The fate of the United Kingdom is that "the United Kingdom pursues a philosophy of production rather than a philosophy of consumption" criticized by Adam Smith. Through strong state control, protectionism, government subsidies, colonial plunder, and elimination of competition, the Manchester's textile industry developed.

The fate of Dashun is still unknown.Liu Yu is only halfway through, smashing British protectionism, seizing the status of "industrial product producer" in the triangular trade, confining India, expanding North America, and the rapid development of industries in Dashun, which is likely to have a currency When it is insufficient, it detonates the gold and silver mines in North America and Australia.

As for how to skillfully complete the "legal murder" of the first type of private ownership, it depends on the means of later generations.

(End of this chapter)