Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1466 The Last Farce ([-])
Of course, whether it is the radicals or the conservatives in the real school, they are still conceived within the framework of the traditional feudal dynasty, and they are all built on the basis of imperial power, or in other words, from the reform of Shang Yang to the fall of the Ming Dynasty. on the basis of a complete set of state machinery.

As Lao Ma said, taking Nasan to that step depends on the French centralized state machine built up bit by bit from the time of Louis XIV, step by step to France, and then to Naoyi, and the country Machines are an important tool for modern transformation.

The state machinery of Dashun was built earlier, and it does exist.

These things, such as land equalization and redemption, sound scary, at least it seems that it is too scary to say these things in the feudal dynasty.

But it is not.

Still the same sentence, except for an era in history when "the countryside was completely gentrified and finances basically relied on import tariffs", no matter whether it is equal farmland, limited farmland or even retro-style minefields, they can all be discussed without losing their heads...Traditional political correctness.

Of course, after all, whether to do it or not is another matter.

But even if the Manchu Dynasty was such a scumbag dynasty, someone wrote a letter requesting to check the number of acres of land, and the average farmland limit was 30 acres per household, and Xiaosi Gan could only hypocritically say, "Although this is the right way, but..."

In short, it makes sense, but I don't want to do it, I dare not do it, I can't do it, and I'm not going to do it at all, but in view of the traditional political correctness, I have to say that what you said is the "right way", It's just that it's impossible to do.

Including from Wang Anshi's reforms to the Juntian restoration of the Yan Li school, the overall opposition can be condensed into Su Zhe's words: [Wang Jiefu, the little husband too.I can't bear the poor, but I don't know how to enrich the poor and benefit the poor.]

That is to say, thinking this way is "little man thinking", and harming the interests of the rich to benefit the poor is not "big man thinking".

This set of rhetoric has been spoken from the Song Dynasty to the middle of the Qing Dynasty.It’s all the same, including when someone proposed to equalize or limit the land in the mid-Qing Dynasty, the answer was exactly the same: Is this not taking the property of the rich, why are the rich guilty?
So where is the problem?

In fact, that is, why is there a problem of land annexation?

Of course, Lao Ma explained this issue on the French issue:
Peasants won the small-scale peasant economy from the feudal manors of the nobles, and then used taxes to force small-scale peasants to operate sidelines, which greatly promoted the development of productivity.

The application of blast furnace iron, ridge cropping, crop rotation, and single ox plow has also increased the yield per mu of land, making land mergers profitable.

As a result, merchants and capitalists began to devour small farmers through lending and land mortgages.

In short, because of the capitalist nature of land ownership—free buying and selling, clear property rights, mortgage lending—[usurers replaced noble lords; feudal obligations were replaced by mortgages]

[Small landownership, so enslaved by capital (and its development inevitably entails such enslavement), has turned a greater part of the French nation into primitives]

【Sixteen million peasants (including women and children) live in caves. Most caves have only one small window, some have two small windows, and the best have only three small windows...】

under these circumstances.

The cultivated land under the small land ownership system has more financial attributes.

The accumulated capital, considering various factors such as risk avoidance and rate of return, is the best investment direction for the accumulated capital to buy land, lend money, let small farmers mortgage their land, and collect rent.

The prosperity of the world is for profit, and the world is for profit.this is correct.

The invisible hand also exists.

It is precisely because of the existence of the invisible hand, and because the hustle and bustle is all profit is a certain "law", so when the level of productivity reaches a certain level, mergers are the best profitable investment direction.

This is also doomed, in a small peasant country, the possibility of the bourgeoisie seizing power is almost zero.Because, the peasants may follow the bourgeoisie during the French Revolution and kill the big real estate nobles together, but they will definitely not follow the bourgeoisie after they have obtained the coveted small land ownership.

And the merger problem, how to solve it?

Su Zhe said that it is impossible to bear the poor, but to enrich the poor and benefit the poor.

Can't say no.

Without a change in ownership, it will be of no use at all.

Ownership is there, I have money, why don't I buy land?The safest investment method, the investment method with the highest return rate, since you can buy it, why not buy it?

Through the polarization of the small-scale peasant economy, it is possible to let industries, handicraft factories, and township industries bloom everywhere?

can.

But first solve the problem of not buying land after the division and having capital.

I "assumed to work hard" and caught up with the good weather and good weather. Hey, my family has accumulated 200 taels of silver.

Then why don't I use the 200 taels of silver to buy land?To lend money?Instead, go to industry and commerce that may lose money?
Unless it is said, there is a way: Are you rich?If you have money, you can use it, but if you have money, you can’t buy land. The issue of all legal rights is directly fixed. Capital can only run from agriculture to industry and commerce, and resolutely curb the flow of capital from industry and commerce to land mergers.

With your money, go to open a brick factory, run a mill, and dry soy sauce vats. In short, don’t even think about running on the land.

Is it necessarily a bad thing for capital to run into agriculture?
Of course, not necessarily.

For example, during the agricultural revolution in the UK, capital ran to the land. Didn’t this increase the yield per mu in the UK from 90 catties to 130 or 140 catties now?

But the problem is in Dashun.

Capital running on the land will not increase Dashun's yield per mu from 150 jin to 500 jin, but will turn the land into a financial industry while the yield per mu remains unchanged.

Liu Yu did engage in a Dashun-style enclosure movement.

But what is Liu Yu's circle?

The circle is the two Huai Caodang.

Why does the Lianghuai Caodang exist?

Because from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was necessary to rely on grass to cook salt. There were special troops and yamen, and supervision prohibited cultivation.

The premise of Liu Yuquan's two Huaihe grasslands is the law of drying salt and the reform of salt administration, using the sun and wind to replace the firewood in the grasslands.

These grasslands, planting cotton and improving soil, started from "0 catties per mu", which is of course an improvement in productivity.

In history, the Manchu and Qing Dynasties also encircled land.

After the Manchu enclosure, did the yield per mu increase?Obviously not.Yield per mu has not improved at all, which is certainly not an improvement in productivity.Because he can't do things that improve productivity.

Has the yield per mu increased in the British enclosure?Obviously improved.Because the British practiced the Chinese plow and crop rotation method.

The question is, does China need to learn from the Chinese plow?Still need to learn the method of rotation?How to improve productivity without learning?
On the contrary, under the small-scale peasant economy, the contradiction between people and land is extremely great, forcing the two-year three-crop system to be rapidly promoted in North China. Is it an "agricultural revolution" with Dashun characteristics?
They are all enclosures, and the situation is different.

The success of the British agricultural revolution was premised on the social existence, economic foundation, and population of the UK.

You can't go against your conscience and say that increasing the yield per mu to 130 jin and crop rotation and fallow is an improvement in productivity for Dashun at this time.

Practically speaking, to combine the yield per mu in England in 1750, at least 50% of the people in Dashun would have to starve to death first. In 1650, under the fallow state of crop rotation, the yield of wheat per acre was 11 bushels, and one bushel of wheat weighed about 1 catties, and one acre was about It is equal to 54 mu of land, and the average yield per mu is 1 catties under the state of crop rotation and fallow. Considering the fallow of crop rotation, it is equivalent to dividing by 6 or 99.

If this mu yield is placed in Dashun, it must be a big deal, and it must be a big deal so big that blood will flow into rivers.

Besides, in the case of Dashun, it is really unrealistic for capital to enclose land to "improve the soil, build water conservancy, and increase the yield per mu".

The places where small farmers go bankrupt quickly must be places where floods and droughts frequently occur.

As for the situation in Dashun, your capital wants to improve the soil and build water conservancy projects... What, your capital is so large that you can carry out the Yellow River diversion project?Can the Huaihe enter the sea project?Can Zhengguoqu-level water conservancy projects be built?Is it still possible to repair the Pishihang Irrigation Project?Can you afford it?

So, has the small land ownership system hindered the development of Dashun's productivity?
Of course it got in the way.

However, this kind of obstacle is not an obstacle in terms of agricultural yield per mu, nor is it an obstacle in "unable to provide a large number of potential wage laborers who have lost the means of production to engage in industry and commerce".

Instead, the viewing angle should be placed in a wider place.

This hindrance is a hindrance to the flow of capital to industry.

That is to say, it is impossible to solve the trend of industrial and commercial funds flowing backward to the land and financial securitization of cultivated land.

Dashun will introduce a policy to achieve the following effects:
For example, I am a landlord and I have two 300 taels of silver in my hand.

But because of the policy of the imperial court, I have no way to buy land, and I have no way to let self-cultivated farmers use the land as a pledge.

Now that silver is flowing from overseas to domestic, in fact, silver is depreciating every day.Then, the imperial court reformed the currency again, adding "seigniorage" at every turn, and issuing more banknotes and precious banknotes to keep prices rising in an orderly manner.

Then the 300 taels of silver in my hand is equivalent to decreasing every day.

If I can’t buy land, what should I do with my money?
It used to be said that the imperial court wanted to issue national debts for industrial construction, assuming 5% interest rate, which is too low, why should I buy it?

I find a chance to buy land with 200 taels, isn't it much better than 5% interest?Or if I release loan sharks and the imperial court prohibits nine payments and thirteen returns, then I will be regarded as a good law-abiding landlord, ten payments and thirteen returns, what is the annual interest?

Now, it is impossible to buy land, and it’s not easy to return home every day. Seeing the depreciation of silver day by day, the 5% interest rate that I didn’t like before, is it cute now?

In other words, with the two 300 taels of silver in my hand, can I set up a soy sauce workshop at home?How about a mill?Can we set up a paper-making workshop?
It's better than keeping the money in your hands and depreciating every day, right?

Originally, I wanted to say, save some money, buy more land, share a share with the sons and grandchildren, and save some property.

What industry is the most valuable?
Women like Qin Keqing know how to buy land, buy land, buy land.The most valuable, the highest rate of return, the safest, the safest, the most likely to make a comeback, and the most likely to be unaffected by the change of dynasty.

This time is good, the land can't be bought, what should the sons and grandchildren do?
There is no way, let's do some industry and commerce, industry and commerce can be regarded as the industry of children and grandchildren.

Lao Ma said that the small peasant economy will eventually turn into a "carnival of the financial bourgeoisie", which will make "the interest of France's land-secured loans exceed the sum of interest on British public debt."

So, in Dashun, isn’t it different?Is the sum of the usury interest that is burdened on the small farmers every year far greater than the sum of the interest on national debt issued by Dashun for military expansion, shipbuilding, and railway repair?

How much loan sharks do small farmers have to repay every year?
Or did Dashun borrow more interest on national debts for expanding its army and building canals in the past few years?
Therefore, the reform in Dashun does not depend on the peasants, nor can it look at the peasants.

The chemical fertilizer industry is completely immature - phosphate fertilizer is okay, sulfuric acid industry is not difficult; the most critical nitrogen fertilizer, now really can only rely on Northeast soybeans and Chilean saltpeter, and industrial nitrogen fixation is still far away.

For water conservancy projects, Dashun's level and administrative capabilities are just that.Dashun's whole country is needed to carry out the Huaihe River into the sea project that a prefecture-level city in later generations can accomplish with shovels and hoes.It's not realistic either.

That is to say, it is impossible to hope that through reform, farmers' lives will be improved instantly, and agricultural productivity will not be greatly improved. Britain ran so fast in history and really outperformed the output per mu of the Central Plains. It was also obtained in 1850. The fertilizer theory It has been proposed that the yield per acre has reached 30 bushels, that is, the yield per mu is 5 bushels and 250 catties.

Such is the case.

Since we are talking about productivity, we have to talk about it. Is it agricultural productivity?Or productivity per capita?Or the total productivity of agriculture and industry?
Dashun's agriculture is basically like this.

It was like this before the industry developed, before Dashun could manipulate the power of lightning to fix the nitrogen in the air into nitrogen fertilizer.

Insane to say.

The Academy of Sciences showed its power, God continued to warm up, and the North China region reached the level of "two crops a year" in later generations.

The 100-day growth period corn is produced, wheat is planted in autumn, corn is harvested in summer, corn is harvested in autumn, and wheat is planted again.

But the problem is that there is no fertilizer, and the yield of corn per mu is not high at this time.

Is there a situation where the yield per mu is seven to eight hundred catties, or even thousands of catties, and no chemical fertilizers are used?
Yes, later generations of the Heilongjiang Land Reclamation Bureau, Beidahuang Farm, the land that has not been reclaimed for thousands of years, a handful of humus soil that can squeeze out oil, without chemical fertilizers, can grow sticks more than a foot long.

Otherwise, in North China, before the use of chemical fertilizers, the general memory of corn is that it is "one stroke long", which is not much longer than a hardened chicken.

In other words, chemical fertilizers go to this card, and Dashun's ability to organize and build water conservancy grassroots projects goes to this card.

Even if the Academy of Sciences works hard, it will produce corn seeds that are used twice a year in North China.

That's two seasons with a yield of [-] catties per mu.

But actually, that doesn't work either.

Because, without chemical fertilizers, if you use the land for two seasons a year, it is really useless.

The essence of two-year three-crop is winter wheat-summer soybean-spring corn sorghum.

The essence lies in summer soybeans, the nitrogen fixation of legumes, and the effect of fertilizing the field.

You have to be clear that the ecology of North China has collapsed.Whether it is sorghum, corn, or even wheat straw, they are actually turned into ashes in the stove pit.Even, in extreme cases, even after the soybean roots are harvested in autumn, there are old women who take dung baskets and soil baskets to dig the soybean roots and go home to cook.

In this case, there is no chemical fertilizer to supplement the loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and you play two crops a year...

To put it bluntly, there is no exhausted land, but if you want to play the model of abandoning summer soybeans twice a year and playing with winter wheat-summer corn, then there will really be "exhausted land".

In this case, in essence, the per capita land is three mu, and the yield per mu is at most two hundred catties. That's it. How can we get rich?
In the United Kingdom, the yield per mu increased from 1650 catties in 90 to 1750 catties in 150. That is indeed "a huge improvement in agricultural productivity and a huge increase in agricultural yield per mu."It should be noted that here in the UK there is a fallow system and a crop rotation system. If you calculate the yield per mu in two years and three crops in Dashun, the yield per mu must be divided by 2 or 3.

Then you say that the British grow grass, raise cattle and sheep, and provide meat and milk... There is a term in biology called "food chain energy conversion", which refers to the energy conversion rate of solar energy into starch and then into protein and fat.Five catties of feed yields one catty of meat, and five catties of feed can feed five people at least without starvation, but one catty of meat can only feed one person... Eating chicken feed is a good day for many farmers in this era .

Dashun’s current yield per mu is based on fertilizer technology—it cannot be said that Dashun’s fertilizer technology has not made a breakthrough, but its phosphate fertilizer technology has. The sulfuric acid industry and phosphate fertilizer industry have developed in the cotton area in northern Jiangsu and the tobacco area in Shandong. ——But the key technology of "turning nitrogen in the air into fertilizer" is still very early.

Now Dashun can’t get chemical fertilizers, even if you get good seeds and 100-day frost-free growth period corn, you can’t do two crops a year in North China.

Fertilizers can't keep up.

Therefore, Dashun's yield per mu has basically been stuck.We have to wait for an industrial breakthrough.

Of course, this cannot be said enough.

If you want to rely on organizational strength to carry out water conservancy projects, and build several water conservancy facilities such as the Pishihang Project, the yield per mu may increase.

But the problem is that when Liu Yu reformed in Songsu and started the Huaihe into the sea project, he already knew it very well.This kind of big project in later generations is also a big project with human shovels, which can be completed by the organizational ability of a prefecture-level city, but in Dashun it needs the power of the whole country, and it takes three to five years for the national treasury to be retained.

Dashun must have this organizational ability to build a hammer water conservancy project, and win the first World War. Fusang Southern Ocean has billions of acres of high-quality wasteland. With this organizational ability, it can reclaim billions of acres of high-quality, Isn't it good to be in a temperate wasteland that is safe from floods and droughts?
In other words, if you want to greatly increase productivity within Kyushu, relying on the "primary industry" and "agriculture" to reform, improve, and reform, etc., it is definitely useless.

Then, the primary industry, agriculture, increase the total productivity, the sum of the total national wealth is useless.

What can I do?What?

(End of this chapter)