Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1436 Disagreement ([-])

In fact, the logic of this advocacy is very simple,
That is, people eat because they are hungry.

Instead of loving food, I like to eat as much as I can.

Theoretically, how many people can be fed depends only on the total grain output, the total population, and the per capita grain possession.

Of course, per capita, these two words are a bit magical.

However, as for how to ensure that people will not starve to death, eat enough, or make sense for each person, that is another matter.

In theory, as long as the per capita can have 500 catties of grain per year, then the so-called well-off in the "Book of Rites" is probably no problem.

In other words.

Dashun now has a population of 3 million.

Theoretically, as long as an annual output of 1500 billion catties of grain is achieved, on the material basis, the well-off state envisioned in the "Book of Rites" can already be achieved—after all, the Book of Rites was fabricated by the Han Dynasty, according to the productivity level of the Han Dynasty The basic original meaning of the bright future conceived is the level where people are full and occasionally have meat to eat.

On this basis, what is the cornerstone of Liu Yu's advocacy?
That is, as long as Dashun guarantees an agricultural population capable of producing 1500 billion catties of grain per year, then in theory, it basically makes no difference whether the remaining people are engaged in agriculture or industry and commerce.

Calculated according to the limit of agricultural labor at this time, to ensure 1500 billion catties of grain, in theory, the non-agricultural population can completely surpass the agricultural population.

Theoretically, if natural disasters and floods and droughts are not taken into account, based on the theoretical average yield per mu of Dashun with a yield of 120 jin per mu plus three crops in two years in North China and two crops in a year in Jiangnan, 12 billion mu of land can basically guarantee this yield of.

According to the highest level of labor-intensive households in the iron cattle farming era, that is, the level of one cow on 30 mu of land, in fact, 4000 million agricultural households are needed.

From this, theoretically, the non-agricultural population can surpass the agricultural population.In other words, the development of industry and commerce has a future.

It can solve the illusion that the retro reformists such as the Yan and Li Schools have been unable to solve - the problem of not enough land in the average farm, and what to do with the rest.

Of course, this is all in theory.

And if it can be solved in theory, it also ensures that the practical school, in its conception of the future, recognizes that the non-agricultural population will surpass the agricultural population in the future.

Of course, theory is theory, mathematics is mathematics, and reality is reality.

Many people in the practical school believe in the future described by Liu Yu when they conceive of the future.

But, ultimately, this circles back to the "technical" question of domination.

That is, assuming that there are 5 people per household on average, assuming that 4000 million agricultural populations can guarantee the output - 100 purposes, 3 people dry, and 30 people dry, the possible output is the same, but the amount that can be used as "commercial grain" is not the same Yes, after all, 3 people eat by themselves, and 30 people eat by themselves, the quantity is different.

To some extent, those 27 people are "ineffective" labor from a macro-social perspective.

But the question is, can industry and commerce provide enough jobs for those 27 people to do some "effective" labor?
If you can't provide it, you might as well squat in the ground, at least it can maintain stability.

One thing to pay attention to is: under the condition that the yield per mu is basically the highest in the world, with deserts in the west, snow mountains in the southwest, tropical rain forests in the south, Gobi in the north, and the sea in the east, the agricultural population of 8000 million and 2 million The total grain output of the agricultural population may be the same; but the stability of the society is completely different.

Assume a total of 3 million people.

The 8000 million agricultural population means that these 8000 million agricultural population provide food for 2200 million non-agricultural population.

And 2 million agricultural people think that means that these 4000 million agricultural population provide food for 2 million non-agricultural population.

Assume further that the amount of food each person consumes each year is actually about the same—this thing is different from other things.Aristocrats may use hundreds of catties of copper for decoration every year, while ordinary people may not use half a catty of copper a year. Eat a thousand times, eat 400 catties of grain.Even if it is said that all the wine is made, all of it is used for dogs to eat people, and the meat of dogs is eaten, there is not such a big difference.

Finally, suppose that industry and commerce essentially use transactions to "redistribute" the most basic necessities of life such as food.

Then, the future promised by Liu Yu is theoretically achievable.

In reality, what cannot be avoided is the simple rhetorical question - what do you rely on to provide Dashun with 2 million non-agricultural jobs?
Realists firmly believe that this is the future.

As for the future, it is naturally visible and not tangible, but it is achievable after theoretical calculations.

Therefore, the practical school can regard this as the future, and then use the continuous development of industry and commerce to finally provide enough jobs as a goal and a means of realization.

This, in general, is a school of practical learning that believes in the future.

But, in reality...

Just as the emperor asked Liu Yu: When you were training in Weihai, you started to immigrate to Jinghai;So, if those people moved there, wouldn’t they still be farming?
Co-author of the future you approve, thinks that the industrial and commercial population can surpass the agricultural population, so it is right to develop industry and commerce.

But what you have done is to make many people farm in another place.Those who originally farmed in Northwest and Southwest Shandong went to Fusang to farm. Aren’t they still agricultural population?

This is compared to, you say you want to go south, but the horse's head is not facing south, but the horse's butt is facing south?
The emperor asked like this, if you look at the appearance, there is no problem.

But if you look at the essence, it is actually the difference between Liu Yu and the Dashun ancient Confucianism.

The school of Confucianism supports Juntian.

Moreover, it clearly stated that "the equalization of land is the most benevolent government in the world".

Does Liu Yu support Juntian?
stand by.

Do you recognize that "Jiantian is the most benevolent government in the world"?

Recognized.

However, does Liu Yu think that the school of Confucianism is right?
No.

Even, Liu Yu thinks that the ancient Confucian school is a reactionary school.

Therefore, Liu Yu and the ancient Confucian faction have always had a close relationship. They even think that this faction is just a fellow traveler, but they are the one who will kill them first when they reach the fork.

The emperor's doubts at this time.

It is the same as the difference between Liu Yu and the ancient Confucianism.

Namely: To equalize the fields, what is the purpose?Or means?
Liu Yu, and the School of Reality influenced by him——School of Reality and School of Ancient Confucianism, the differences between the two, from the Lianghuai salt reform, to the colonization of Honolulu, to the reclamation of Fusang, have been entangled endlessly. , and each has its own attitude—does Liu Yu support Juntian?

In fact, supportive, even very supportive.

But what is the reason for the support?
The reason is that Liu Yu's family and the Real School's family believe that the future lies in industry and commerce.The non-agricultural population can surpass the agricultural population, and it is believed that a large number of agricultural population at this time is "ineffective labor". In fact, one person can plant the land of three people, and the output remains unchanged.

However, the transformation of the vast agricultural population into a non-agricultural population requires a difficult transition.

This transition may be cruel, unrighteous, bloody, or preserve human survival as much as possible.

Kinta, is the means of this transition.

Through the equalization of land, the pain of transformation was alleviated, so that the agricultural population, which accounted for the vast majority at this time, survived the disintegration of the small-scale peasant economy brought about by the development of industry and commerce, and at least had a little bit of bread.

Equalization is a means, not an end.

But the school of ancient Confucianism, as well as the things that the emperor was thinking about at this time, regard the equalization of the land as an end, not a means.

For the ancient Confucian school, equalizing the land and restoring the rule of the three generations is the ultimate program and the goal.

For the emperor, equalizing the land is the best way to continue the dynasty's rule, and it can also be regarded as the goal.

For Liu Yu and the Real School, land equalization, immigration, business development, commercial wars, foreign expansion, participation in World War I, etc., are actually pretty much the same, and they are all means, not ends.

If the fields can be equalized, that is naturally the best.

If we can seize the market—such as the problem of the Yellow River channel, through the textile industry of Luxi women, the contradiction of land acquisition in the Yellow River channel will be alleviated, and the textile industry of Luxi women will kill hundreds of thousands of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Based on the textile industry in Surat, Mumbai, and Manchester, what they occupy is the textile share in the West African triangular trade of Manchester and Indian cotton cloth—then try hard to grab the market.

If it is possible to immigrate—such as Fusang and Southern Ocean’s immigration based on the precious metal "hidden coolie slavery", the Practical School does not oppose it, but pushes it hard, because they know that Dashun cannot accommodate so many non-agricultural populations. It is impossible to provide so many non-agricultural jobs. Judging from the "productivity only" theory advocated by Liu Yu, emigrating to Fusang to reclaim wasteland is also a way to develop productivity, release everyone's labor potential, and enable Dashun's agricultural population to reach its own. Labor limit—then emigrate hard.

If there is a need for war, if there is a need for expansion, if there is a need for indentured slavery, these people will come and refuse.

They are all means.

Its purpose is to expand the scale of industry and commerce.

Expanding the scale of industry and commerce means turning more agricultural population into non-agricultural population; making more "ineffective labor" based on productivity-only theory become "effective labor" that can increase the total productivity of all mankind.

To put it simply, in Luxi area, three families plant [-] mu of land, and one family planted [-] mu of land, and the total human production is the same.

But now, one family planted [-] mu of land, while the other two went to Fusang to plant another [-] mu of land, which obviously increased the total productivity of all human beings at this time.

Originally, three families planted [-] acres of land and could only support three non-agricultural people, after all, they had to eat.

But now, each family planting [-] mu of land can feed [-] non-agricultural people. This is not a simple multiplication relationship.

At the same time, each family planted [-] acres of land, and more food exchange means that each family's consumption capacity has increased, creating a larger market, selling more commodities, and allowing more of the non-agricultural population has something to do.

As far as this time is concerned, the Practical School supports Juntian, and they have roughly the same idea.

It is nothing more than that, vertically, the Practical School is divided into conservative and radical factions; horizontally, there are also national factions and national factions.

vertical points.

The meaning of the conservatives is that the pain of transformation can be endured with the help of equal land.Step by step, continue to develop industry and commerce, is the top priority.

What the radicals mean is that they should start with land equalization first, strengthen the centralization of power, rely on the control, organization, and taxation capabilities after land equalization, and desperately immigrate, according to several million a year.Move it almost, and then transform.

Horizontal points.

The meaning of the national faction is that they are so far away and tied to the Atlantic trade, that group of people will follow Zhao Tuo's story sooner or later.And China's affairs are China's affairs. The world will explode sooner or later, so let them go and try to solve domestic affairs.They are just a way to relieve pressure. In the end, the people on this land will still live in this ancestral land. Even if Zhao Tuo and us have the same ancestor, we will not have the same heart in the future.We were born and raised here, and we still strive for the future for the people on this land.They're just extras, relief valves, whatever.

What the national faction means is that even if they imitate Zhao Tuo's story, so what?When it comes to blood relationship, aren't they all a family?So, where will "China" be in the future? Isn't it just a matter of geography?Could it be that those who have been assigned can still oppose us?Therefore, the significance of immigration is not just a pressure relief valve, but to believe that even if tens of thousands of miles away, even if their trade is integrated into the Atlantic trade circle, even if some of them may convert to Christianity, even if they may think about the Southern Ocean I'll get in the car first and don't come later... Maybe, maybe, blood is thicker than water.

Naturally, there are internal differences.

But apart from differences, it is still recognized that many things are "means" rather than "ends".

(End of this chapter)