The Science Fiction World of Xueba

Pang Xuelin smiled slightly and said, "inert neutrino!"

Shen Yuan was stunned for a while, thoughtfully: "You mean, use inert neutrinos to make four-quark and five-quark materials?"

Pang Xuelin shook his head: "Teacher, you should know the neutrino's CP destruction?"

Shen Yuan nodded.

Pang Xuelin said: "The CP destruction phase angle δCP has always been one of the key parameters of neutrino oscillation research. With the discovery of inert neutrinos, we have been able to accurately measure the CP destruction phase in neutrino oscillations. But we need to know that we also found CP destruction in the experiments of K meson and B meson. In particle physics, K meson is any of the four mesons with a quantum number of singular number. In quark In the model, we know that they contain an odd quark and an antiquark with an upper or lower quark, and the K meson, which is a combination of two quarks, can just combine with the three quark baryons to form a five quark particle. There is the effect of positive and negative quarks canceling each other, so the existence of such particles does not violate the rules of the standard model!"

Shen Yuan's eyes widened and it took a while before he said: "You mean, using K mesons and baryons to make five quark particles, and the neutrino CP destroys the accurate measurement of the phase angle, which will measure K for us. Meson CP provides a basis for destroying the phase angle."

Pang Xuelin said with a smile: "More than that, the emergence of inert neutrinos means that our research on dark matter has entered a completely new stage. Inert neutrinos are flooding the space around us, forming the universe's galaxies and material structures. It plays a very important role. But under normal circumstances, this effect exists, it is easy to cause some free particles to decay. But if we have a way to shield neutrinos, then we will have a great possibility to make five in the laboratory Quark particles, and on this basis, a new strong interaction material is synthesized!"

Shen Yuan frowned: "Alin, according to what you said, this should be a new physics theory beyond the standard model?"

Pang Xuelin nodded with a smile: "To be precise, this new theory is a new physical building built on the foundation of the standard model theory."

Shen Yuan looked quietly at Pang Xuelin, his disciple, whose ambition was much greater than he thought.

He knows how difficult it is to propose a new physics framework based on a standard model.

When it comes to the standard model, we have to start with the four basic forces.

There are four basic forces in nature, namely: strong interaction force, weak interaction force, electromagnetic force and gravitation.

The main difference is simply that there are two points, one is that the object of action is different, and the other is the way of transmission.

Gravity acts on particles with mass. Note that this mass is not a static mass, but a dynamic mass, that is, M in E=Mc^2, which is equivalent to energy. That is to say, gravity can act on all energetic matter, and all matter in our universe is energetic, so it is said that gravity acts on all matter.

Electromagnetic force acts on all charged particles, including electrons, quarks, and their composite particles, as well as W particles that transmit weak forces.

Dark matter does not emit light because it has no charge and does not participate in electromagnetic forces.

Strongly acting on all colored charge particles, including quarks and gluons. Quarks form protons and neutrons by strong force, and the remaining strong forces make protons and neutrons form atomic nuclei. Although gluons are powerful transmitters, they can also be combined together to form gluon balls.

The weak force acts on all particles with weak isospin, causing the particles to decay.

It is interesting that the weak force is the only parity non-conserved, only left-handed electrons (right-handed positrons), left-handed neutrinos (right-handed antineutrinos, if the neutrinos are not Majorana particles) ), weak forces are generated between left-handed quarks (right-handed antiquarks).

This is the difference between the four basic acting objects. Another difference is the transmission method.

Gravity is transmitted through graviton. Although quantum theory has not been experimentally confirmed, according to this theory, graton has no static mass like photon, so it can act at infinity and decay according to the inverse square law.

The strong interaction force is the force acting between hadrons and is the strongest of the four basic forces known, with a range of action of 10^-15m. The strong interaction overcomes the strong repulsive force generated by the electromagnetic force and tightly bonds protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei.

Weak forces propagate through the W and Z bosons, and the intensity of action on the proton scale is one part in trillion of electromagnetic force. The weak force conforms to SU(2) symmetry. Both the W and Z bosons are vector fields with a spin of 1.

Weak force and electromagnetic force are unified in higher energy, collectively called "electric weak interaction". At lower energies, due to the higgs mechanism, the W and Z bosons obtain a static mass, and the weak and electromagnetic forces are separated.

The standard model of particle physics is proposed to explain these four basic forces in essence.

In the standard model, there are 13 kinds of standard particles, which are the medium that transfers strong interactions-8 gluons, and the medium that transfers weak interactions-the intermediate boson, which is divided into W+, W-, and Z0. The medium that transfers electromagnetic effects-a photon, and the special particles-Higgs particles that decompose into electromagnetic interaction and weak interaction in the energy range of less than 250Gev in order to achieve electroweak interaction.

Three kinds of quarks, according to different flavors, can be divided into upper quark and lower quark; Charm quark, bizarre quark; bottom quark, top quark, according to different colors, can be divided into red, green and blue, quark has six flavors, Each flavor of three colors, plus their corresponding anti-particles, a total of 36 different states of quarks.

In addition, there are twelve kinds of lepton, electron e, muon, tau, and their respective neutrinos and their antiparticles.

This is the 61 basic particles shown in the standard particle model.

So far, the results of almost all the experiments on the above three forces are in line with this theoretical prediction. Before the 61 kinds of particles predicted by the standard model, W boson, Z boson, gluon, top quark, and charm quark were not discovered, the standard model had predicted their existence, and their properties were very estimated. accurate.

However, despite its strong predictive power, the standard model fails to answer five key questions.

The first question, why do neutrinos have quality?

The three particles in the standard model are different types of neutrinos. The standard model predicts that, just like photons, neutrinos should have no mass.

However, scientists have discovered that these three neutrinos oscillate when they move, or they transform into each other. The only reason this feat is possible is that neutrinos have a static mass.

However, after the discovery of lazy neutrinos, this question can already be answered.

The second question is, what is dark matter?

Astronomers found that the rotation speed of galaxies is much faster than their theoretical speed when observing the rotation of galaxies, but according to the gravity of visible matter, these galaxies rotate so fast that they should have torn themselves apart.

So the only explanation is that there is something we can’t see that gives these galaxies extra mass, which creates gravity.

This is dark matter, which is considered to account for 27% of cosmic matter, but it is not included in the standard model.

The latest inert neutrino theory proposed by Pang Xuelin will become a powerful candidate for dark matter!

The third question is why there is so much material in the universe?

When a particle of matter forms—for example, in the collision of particles of the Large Hadron Collider, or in the decay of another particle—its antimatter counterpart usually comes with it. When equal amounts of matter and antimatter particles meet, they will annihilate each other.

Scientists believe that when the universe is formed in the Big Bang, matter and antimatter should be produced in equal amounts. However, some mechanism prevents matter and antimatter from being completely destroyed in their usual way, and the universe around us is dominated by matter.

The standard model cannot explain this imbalance. Many different experiments are studying matter and antimatter to find clues to changing the balance.

The fourth question, why is the expansion of the universe accelerating?

Before scientists were able to measure the expansion of the universe, they guessed that the universe began to expand rapidly after the Big Bang, and then began to slow down over time. However, what is shocking is that actual observations show that the expansion of the universe not only did not slow down, but also accelerated.

Astronomers’ latest measurements show that galaxies in the universe are moving away from us at 45 miles per second. UU reading www. Relative to our location, uukanshu.com doubles the speed for every additional millionth of a second, or 3.2 million light-years.

This rate is believed to come from an unexplained spatiotemporal property, dark energy, which is pushing the universe away. It is believed to account for 68% of the universe's energy.

Dark energy is also dissociated from the standard model.

The last question, are there particles related to gravity?

The standard model is not used to explain gravity. This fourth and weakest natural force seems to have no effect on the subatomic interactions explained by the standard model.

However, theoretical physicists believe that subatomic particle graviton may transmit gravitation in the form of photons carrying electromagnetic force.

If Pang Xuelin can propose a new physics framework on the basis of the standard model, not only is it possible to solve these five major problems, but its historical significance in physics will be no less than that of Newton and Einstein!

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