Rebirth of the Military Industrial Overlord

It turns out that Great God Guo is the disciple of that great man!

Tan Zhenhua couldn't help but sigh in his heart. Look, look at the circle of friends of our older generation of scientists in China!

I am a great god, classmates and friends are the gods of the gods, the teacher of the great **** Qian is called von Carmen, and the teacher of the great **** Guo is called Karl David Anderson. This kind of network background, tusk tusk, let him rely on the first-mover advantage How can the little Tan Tan Qing who was lucky enough to get a Tan Hua Lang to mix with Stanford by speculation...

Some children's shoes asked, who is this Anderson sacred? Is it worthy of Xiao Tan Tan's praise?

To explain this, we have to start with his main contribution to physics.

Here, knock on the blackboard to draw the key points.

Regardless of whether it is engineering or civil engineering, I’m afraid you’ve heard a term called "antimatter", right? In fact, modern physics has proved that "antimatter" really exists and has captured it more than once. Of course, this thing is by no means as magical as the Internet rumors and legends say that 1 gram can destroy the earth. All countries are playing. Balabala, who was waiting for a big killer to come out, desperately...

Well, this rumor is still a little bit reasonable in principle, but it's not that exaggerated.

According to physical inferences and mathematical calculations, we usually say that "positive matter" and "antimatter" will unconditionally produce an "annihilation" effect if they meet. At the same time, mass will disappear and according to Einstein's mass-energy conversion equation E =MC2 emits energy, the efficiency is 100% and then multiplied by 2, which is N orders of magnitude higher than the mass-energy conversion efficiency of nuclear weapons.

Therefore, the "annihilation" effect of 1 gram of antimatter and 1 gram of positive matter can release 18 billion joules of energy (don't count, exactly 10 zeros), and the energy released by the explosion of 1 kg of TNT explosive is about 4,200 kilojoules. That is to say, the energy produced when 1 gram of antimatter meets 1 gram of "positive matter" and completely "annihilated" is equivalent to the energy produced by the explosion of 43,000 tons of TNT explosives, which is commonly referred to as 43,000 tons equivalent, which is approximately equivalent to that in the Japanese The 13,000-ton atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima was more than three times as powerful.

Well, although it is not as ridiculous as the Internet, it still seems terrible? If you can squeeze a few grams of this big killer in your hand, you can spray a little bit if you are upset. It's no better than spraying people on the Internet with a keyboard... No, it's not a hero in the world, I am the only one, hahahahahaha...

Uh... I’m sorry to interrupt. Everyone who is aspiring to unify the world and dominate the world may not be able to wait for such a murderous weapon to appear in their lifetime, because this thing is too difficult to preserve. With the current human technology, The highest time record for preserving "antimatter" was created by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA and Pennsylvania State University, which are known as "mastering core technology". They used a magnetic field restraint device called "Penning ion trap" to store it. 1010 antiprotons a week.

It looks like Mi Di is leading again? But don't worry about it for now.

Because so far, the total amount of "antimatter" produced by humans using various devices does not exceed 20 nanograms, and 1 nanogram is equal to one billionth of a gram. Therefore, even if all the "antimatter" produced by mankind "Put them together and "annihilate" them all at once, and the energy they produce is not enough to boil a glass of water.

This is mainly because at present, antimatter can only be produced by high-energy particles produced by accelerators hitting a fixed target to produce antiparticles, and then synthesized by deceleration. The energy required for this process is much greater than the energy released by the "annihilation" effect, and antimatter can be generated. The cost is huge.

How big is it?

Suppose a certain villain wants to create 1 gram of antimatter in order to destroy a city, then, with the methods currently available to mankind, he would have to spend about 100,000 trillion U.S. dollars, and his antimatter factory would have to operate uninterrupted for hundreds of millions of years!

What kind of city can you destroy if you have that money? How good is it to buy it directly?

Therefore, from the perspective of production cost, antimatter is undoubtedly the most expensive substance in the world today and none of them. Compared with it, gold, diamond, emeralds and everything are weak... and after calculations, the current large-scale The ability of the Hadron Collider requires a thousand years to collide before it can knock out one microgram of antimatter. As for reaching the level of destruction of the earth? According to this calculation, it is necessary to develop all the planetary resources of the entire solar system and build a giant particle accelerator around the entire earth...

You said that you have that ability, why are you messing around with this small break? Everyone rushed out of the solar system and went to outer space to fight again, can't you live or die?

So in your lifetime, you will still worry about getting nuclear weapons.

To put it aside, Huaxia’s research in this area is actually very advanced. It is known that the heaviest antimatter "anti-helium 4" that humans can produce and capture is the first produced and captured by our Huaxia University of Science and Technology, and that can be used Come to install the "Antimatter" "Penning ion trap"? Well, the most powerful device known to mankind is also in that school.

Emmmmm, it seems that you don't even have to worry about your children and grandchildren now?

After talking for a long time, I still need to explain what exactly is "antimatter".

In fact, antimatter is the anti-state of normal matter, and from the perspective of microphysics, it is a matter composed of "antiparticles."

Take an example that is easy to understand for children’s shoes who have studied high school physics. For example, the normal elements in the periodic table of elements, from a microscopic point of view, are composed of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons forming the nucleus and surrounding it. The nucleus is rotated by negatively charged electrons.

However, what if there is a kind of substance that is more alternative, and behaves independently in order to pretend to be coercive. Protons must be negatively charged, while electrons must be positively charged?

This kind of behavior shows that the matter that "kills Matt" really exists, that is, the "antimatter" in the words of physicists, and the particles that constitute "antimatter" first discovered for mankind are "positively charged electrons."

In 1928, the British scientist Paul Dirac first proposed the "antimatter" prediction. He believed that every particle should have an opposite antiparticle. For example, the "antielectron" is the kind of positive Charged electrons have the same quality as normal electrons, but they carry the opposite charge.

In 1930, Guo Yicheng's teacher, Carl David Anderson, began to study cosmic rays by photographing the tracks of cosmic rays through a cloud chamber. He found that a positively charged particle appeared almost as frequently as those negatively charged particles. Negatively charged particles are obviously electrons, but those positively charged particles are obviously not protons, and protons are the only positively charged particles known at the time. Finally, Anderson concluded that there is only one logical answer: this kind of particle Compared with ordinary negatively charged free electrons, they have the same amount of positive charge and have the same quality."

It was later proved that this kind of particle was an "anti-electron" that acted to "kill Matt". Anderson announced its existence in September 1932. Only the following year, his conclusion was passed by Patrick Blackett and Giuseppe. Ochiarini confirmed that Anderson won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 for this.

Since then, more and more scientific practices and observations have proved that "antimatter" is almost ubiquitous in our human world, and a small amount of antimatter continues to fall on the earth in the form of cosmic rays and high-energy particles, like a flower, These antimatter particles that have gone through a long cosmic journey reach the earth's atmosphere in a range of roughly 1 to 100 per square meter.

Not only that, in our daily lives, there are also antimatter everywhere, for example, bananas will produce antimatter-it will release an "anti-electron" every 75 minutes. This phenomenon occurs because bananas contain a small amount of potassium-40, which is a natural isotope of potassium, which releases "anti-electrons" during the decay process; another example is that the human body itself contains potassium- Because of 40, the human body also releases "anti-electrons."

The only regret or good fortune is that once antimatter comes into contact with matter, they will annihilate each other. Therefore, these antimatter particles are very short-lived. Regrettably, in nature, their lifespan is so short that humans can hardly capture them. This makes it extremely difficult and costly to study its characteristics, and it is fortunate that it is precisely because of this that humans have not yet found an effective means of using antimatter to kill themselves.

"When I was studying for a Ph.D. degree with Professor Anderson at Caltech, the research direction was actually cosmic rays. The professor was only one year older than me, so we were both teachers and students and inexorable friends. Anderson had already discovered “Charged electrons” won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936. In that year, he and Nedmeier discovered muons from cosmic rays. I am also proud to have been a member of that research group. Member, I remember that there are more than 2,000 cosmic-ray photos I have taken, observed, and analyzed, and I have found the trajectory of muons from them. I should be the first Chinese to participate in the search for mesons. Unfortunately, I Failing to continue, it failed the teacher's expectations of me, so I am going to apologize to him."

Guo Yicheng gently recounted this period of history while reminiscing, his entire face glowing with glory. Obviously, he remembered the past with freshness and pride.

"But teacher, why didn't you continue your research in this area? According to your statement, you have gone quite far in this area, and you have also made extremely high achievements. If you go on, you will probably win that item. The honor that all scientific researchers are eagerly awaiting? As far as I know, many people along that direction have won the Nobel Prize, and your starting point is higher than many of them." Li Wei confused. Asked.

Guo Yicheng retracted his fluttering gaze out of the car window and turned to Li Wei, his face gradually becoming solemn and serious, saying every word: "Because my motherland China needs me, because I have returned to China, because China was not there yet. The Nobel Prize is needed. What is needed is the electric power industry and the telecommunications industry. If there is electricity, there must be magnetism. However, I study basic physics and I can do only a limited amount. Therefore, I chose magnetism. Teacher, but he has no shame in his heart."

Inexplicably, Tan Zhenhua's heart trembled suddenly.