Honghuang, I am engaged in science and technology in the Wuzu

The computer lab, which is a thousand-acre estate, is an institution similar to Bell Labs in modern society, specializing in computer science.

Fang Hao has been here for many days, there are more than 500 researchers in the field of computer science, and decades of computer research experience have long trained them into top experts.

From tubes to semiconductors, from semiconductors to chips, all the results were poured drop by drop by the sweat of these people, and Fang Hao just proposed some ideas.

At the moment, people are working intensively on software, and they want to come up with an operating system.

The computer has an operating system and does not have an operating system is different, if there is no operating system, then only the operation of the potential, such as controlling the light on and off, controlling the switch on and off, the speed is very slow, can only operate a few pixels.

If there is an operating system is different, not only can this simple operation, but also can refresh the display of the screen, so that the computer can display the entire picture, human-computer interaction.

For example, the computer in modern society, its screen is not displayed at the same time, but line by line.

If the high-definition screen of 2100*1800 has a resolution of 2100*1800=3780k, it means that there are a total of 1800 columns and 2100 rows of pixels.

The computer screen display does not light up and down together, but uses the GPU chip to control the voltage size of the pixel, control the color of the pixel, and control the brightness of the pixel.

The GPU is the image processor and the CPU is the data processor, and the two are not the same.

If the GPU is 64-bit, one pixel needs an IO control signal, and a set of signals has 64 bits, which can control 64 pixels at the same time.

If a computer screen has 1800 pixels in a column, then the GPU needs to control 1800/64=25 times to control 1800 columns of pixels.

If the computer screen has 2100 lines, then the GPU needs to refresh 25 * 2100 = 52,000 times, and the refresh rate of the human eye is more than 20 times per second, and the higher the frequency, the more comfortable the eyes.

Therefore, driving a 3780K HD screen requires a GPU refresh speed of 5.2*20=1.04 million times per second.

How to achieve such a high refresh rate? The first way is to increase the computer frequency, and the second way is to use the operating system to improve the frequency efficiency.

Obviously, increasing the main frequency is unreliable, because the main frequency will produce serious high-frequency noise after the increase, the higher the frequency, the stronger the noise, if it is increased to more than 5GHz, not only is it difficult to manufacture oscillators with this precision, but also signal transmission will encounter quantum mechanical problems.

THEREFORE, THE MAIN FREQUENCY OF COMPUTERS ON EARTH IS GENERALLY BELOW 5GHZ FREQUENCY, BECAUSE THERE IS NO TECHNICAL PROBLEM OF CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS IN HIGH FREQUENCY BANDS.

If you study the operating system, you can let other chips share the pressure of the CPU, access auxiliary chips to reduce the main frequency of the CPU, and make computer programs simpler.

Therefore, Fang Hao had to study the operating system, in fact, studying the operating system is to study the chip, and there is no essential difference between the two.

The operating system is just a function in the use of the chip to run, and if possible, the logic of the operating system can be implemented in the hardware circuit inside the chip.

It is conceivable that countless years from now, computers will most likely burn all the functions into the chip, without the need for an operating system at all.

A chip has everything, and if the chip is closed, this is something that others can never make, a very scary future.

Many people in modern society say that domestic scientists are useless and cannot build systems, in fact, they are just laymen, and the operating system is so simple, not just writing software.

I often hear about operating system upgrades, what is this upgrade? Why can some computers use Win7 but can’t use Win10, and some computers can only use Win10 but can’t use Win7?

That’s because the Win10 system burns some of the functions in Win7 into the hardware circuit of the chip, and Win10 only needs to run the circuit module in the chip when using this function.

The advantage of this is that the operating system runs faster and more reliable, as long as the hardware module inside the chip remains unchanged, this function will not be a problem.

So can Win7 use this function in the chip? Naturally, the Win10 system can directly call the module inside the chip, but the Win7 system does not have a way to write and call the chip module, and Microsoft does not upgrade the Win7 system, because of trouble.

This is the essence of the system upgrade, and another point, the Win10 system has joined the real-name system, while Win7 does not have a real-name system, so Win10 is better to make money, which is why Microsoft abandoned Win7.

With Windows 10, Microsoft can make pirated users unable to use his system at any time, which is a terrible result because Microsoft’s operating system is too expensive.

If you don’t want to pay money in the future, if you don’t want to be suppressed forever in the future, you must study your own operating system, and the use of pirated systems can only be a temporary measure, not a long-term solution.

The first thing to study the operating system is to study the power management function of the computer system, which can dynamically monitor the status of each chip of the computer, when to turn it on and when to shut down, burn these management functions into the chip, and wait for the call of the operating system.

At present, everyone is working intensively on this function.

The second step in studying the operating system is to map the computer’s memory, in other words, to link the memory to the circuitry in the CPU.

If it is a computer mature product, this process is automatic, but now the computer in Redstone City is not a computer mature product, Fang Hao and others must try to manually connect the memory and CPU.

This requires constantly modifying the circuitry inside the chip so that it maps to memory.

Once the memory mapping is complete, a fixed piece of code needs to be taken out of the memory and burned into the chip’s memory in order.

This fixed code is very important, it determines the state of the computer before startup, it will power up all the chips that need to be used, which is called the chip initialization process.

The third step is to execute the operating system, which is a constantly looping Main function that never stops, and once stopped, it will lead to a result, that is, the operating system crashes.

Blue screen, black screen and other intractable diseases are because the Main function stops.

The above is the operating system of the operating system, the operating system is not mysterious, it is a function, always running in a loop.

Unless it is shut down, the operating system cannot be stopped once it is running, which is a very special place.

……

“This is a new generation version of the chip circuit diagram, you guys hurry up and find someone to make it.” After several days of hard work, Fang Hao and others once again found out the problems with the chip and redesigned a new version of the chip.

Once the chip is found to be a problem, the same batch of chips will be scrapped and discarded, and Redstone City does not feel very expensive.

If it is a modern society, this is called tape-out, the cost of manufacturing a small batch of chips is amazing, often hundreds of thousands, millions, tens of millions at a time, the more high-end the chip for tape-out, the more expensive, no one can support this research, too expensive.

All the chip tape-outs in Redstone City are made by themselves, and they only perceive the trouble, but they do not realize that they are very expensive, because all the equipment is made by the research department itself and can be used for free.

It’s just that the chemical department often complains that when manufacturing tape-outs, those hard-to-refine chemical reagents are consumed too quickly.