Honghuang, I am engaged in science and technology in the Wuzu

Triode is the cornerstone of scientific and technological civilization in the 21st century, its main feature is that it can amplify current and voltage, and can be used as a switch.

It’s also called semiconductor technology, why? Because it is made up of six semiconductors.

There are three types of semiconductors with free electrons:

One is a high-doped semiconductor, which adds more phosphorus to high-purity silicon crystals.

One is moderately doped semiconductors, in which moderate phosphorus is added to high-purity silicon crystals.

The last is moderately doped semiconductors, in which less phosphorus is added to high-purity silicon crystals.

There are three kinds of semiconductors with positive ions:

One is a high-doped semiconductor, which adds more boron to high-purity silicon crystals.

One is moderately doped semiconductors, with moderate boron added to high-purity silicon crystals.

The last is moderately doped semiconductors, where less boron is added to high-purity silicon crystals.

These six semiconductors can be combined in two ways:

Phosphorus high concentration doped semiconductor, boron element medium concentration doped semiconductor, phosphorus low concentration doped semiconductor, three semiconductors stacked together in turn, the thickness of the middle semiconductor is very thin, the thickness of the semiconductor on both sides is very thick, called NPN semiconductor.

Boron element high concentration doped semiconductor, phosphorus medium concentration doped semiconductor, boron element low concentration doped semiconductor, three semiconductors stacked together in turn, the thickness of the middle semiconductor is very thin, the thickness of the semiconductor on both sides is very thick, called PNP type semiconductor.

The above is the physical structure of the semiconductor, in fact, it is very simple, it is just three semiconductors with different doping concentrations.

Just because with the development of semiconductor technology in modern society, people need to understand its parameters, use mathematical models to describe it, conduct a lot of experiments and data collection on it, and use countless data to summarize a lot of formulas, such as the impedance formula of the transistor and the equivalent substitution formula of the transistor.

In modern society, scientists use these laboratory data to summarize mathematical formulas to describe triodes, and ordinary people do not have laboratory experience in studying these semiconductor devices, coupled with the poor literary level of scientists studying semiconductors, resulting in the description of semiconductor technology is very abstract, which is why semiconductor technology is becoming more and more difficult.

Another point is that in the process of semiconductor technology development, not only technology, but also unified technical specifications are also very important, but this technical specification is the top secret information gradually formed by semiconductor companies, supporting the strength of semiconductor companies, such as Intel, Qualcomm, Samsung and other semiconductor companies.

Why are these technical specifications important? Because these technical specifications are not only empirical, but also a mathematical model of a system, it takes enough time to study slowly.

For example, Microsoft’s operating system, for example, is not so much a complex software as a complex mathematical model, but this mathematical model is used in the software.

With technical specifications, there is an overall mathematical model, and only then will there be soil for the benign development of semiconductor technology, otherwise the technical system is chaotic, how to develop? This is the reason why many industries in modern society cannot develop.

There are many examples, first-class technology companies in European and American countries, everything they do is traceable, every experiment, every investment is not casual, but follows a mysterious mathematical law, every two or three years, their technology will be updated.

Their technological update is not the kind of update of domestic technology companies, but an update from the bottom, such as creating a programming language, such as creating a generation of automation equipment, these examples are many.

Because Fang Hao has not entered these first-class enterprises, naturally he does not know what these mathematical models are, these mathematical models only know a few words in China, and understanding the surface problems from peers seems to be a very confidential industry.

Nevertheless, Fang Hao has also delved into some somewhat outdated mathematical models of software and hardware.

In this research, Fang Hao is also determined to create a mathematical model of the industry, so that future research can be slowly developed according to this mathematical model and passed on well.

……

Institute of Information Science.

“We doped a lot of elements in semiconductors, some of which are difficult to dope, but I combined the cultivation technology to solve these problems perfectly, I doped 87 elements in the periodic table in semiconductors at different concentrations, and now I have made a total of 15,257 samples, found their various properties, and are currently undergoing intensive experiments.” Coming to the semiconductor laboratory, Bing Xue introduced him.

The Ice Banshee is already the department leader of the information research department, and Fang Hao no longer concurrently holds the position of the head of the information research department, but concentrates on leading the research institute, coordinating all departments, and studying the entire scientific and technological system.

This kind of systematic research is discussed by experts in the institute, similar to an exhaustive method, that is, using several combinations of elements, and then synthesizing various proportions of materials.

Not only silicon semiconductors, but also other kinds of semiconductors, if you want to complete all the research, it takes several years of data accumulation, and then select the suitable semiconductor.

Fortunately, the material technology is not in charge of him, but the team of the river, otherwise these material technologies alone will annoy Fang Hao to death, which involves a lot of technology and needs to design a lot of mechanical equipment.

“Are the other elements still not found?” Fang Hao nodded, and then asked.

“The expedition team found a starry heavy metal meteorite from the starry sky, the elements in it are very rich, and other elements can also be found, but it is difficult to separate, because they are all heavy metals, and there is no way to separate them, but the people of the Materials Research Institute are working intensively on research, and I believe that a breakthrough will be made after a while.” The Ice Banshee said.

“Well, you guys are doing well, in addition, pay attention to the newcomers, see if there are any good seedlings, if there are good cultivations, but pay attention to the encirclement, don’t let them run.” Fang Hao ordered.

“Hee-hee, don’t worry, I pay attention to these things.” Bing Xue grinned and said.

……

The Mechanical Research Institute, full of rumbling machines, accompanied by the river accompanied Fang Hao to inspect.

“How much progress have we made in doping technology?” Looking at the machine in front of him, Fang Hao asked.

“We are progressing very well, and thanks to your prompt, our class can find a way so quickly, there are two doping technologies with the fastest progress, high-temperature diffusion doping and ion implantation doping, the current progress is very fast, it must not take long to achieve preliminary mass production.” River replied.

“Don’t be in a hurry, let’s take our time, the prospect of doping technology is great, we must lay the foundation for future development, we can’t just catch up with the progress.” Fang Haodao.

“I know that we’ve been collecting and processing data.” The river returned.

Thermal diffusion technology is a relatively easy doping technology, want to mix impurities into the semiconductor crystal, it is necessary to have a higher temperature of thermal diffusion, because the radius of impurity atoms is generally relatively large, they to directly enter the gap of the semiconductor lattice, which is very difficult, only when there is a lattice vacancy in the crystal, the impurity atom is likely to enter to occupy these vacancies, and thus enter the crystal.

In order to produce a large number of lattice vacancies in the crystal, it is necessary to heat the crystal and intensify the thermal movement of the crystal atoms, so that some atoms obtain high enough energy to leave the lattice position, leaving a void, so that the diffusion coefficient of the atom increases exponentially with the increase of temperature.

Ion implantation doping technology is a relatively advanced technology, in order to make impurity atoms can enter the crystal, it is necessary to first ionize the impurity atoms into ions, and accelerate with a strong electric field, so that these ions obtain high kinetic energy, and then directly bombard the crystal, and squeeze into it, which is injection.

Of course, when doped by ion implantation technology, many lattice defects will inevitably occur, and there will be some atoms in the gap, so after the semiconductor is implanted, it must also be annealed to eliminate these defects and activate impurities.

Because for an impurity atom to be able to provide carriers, it must be in the position of replacing the SI atom so that carriers can be generated.

Therefore, in semiconductors, even if impurity atoms are admixed, if these impurity atoms do not enter the alternative position, then they will not play the role of providing carriers, so a certain heat treatment step is required.

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