Fox of France

　　　　 Calais fort design and related calculations are actually not particularly difficult. Monge gave this job to Joseph, in fact, it was more for him to make more money. But Monge soon discovered that Joseph got more than just a little money in this job.

　　 One day in July, Monge, who was on a business trip in Nice, suddenly received a letter from Joseph. This is a very thick letter, heavy, if it were not through the military channels, this letter would definitely cost Joseph more postage. Monge opened the envelope, and inside it was a thick stack of letter paper filled with various numbers and symbols.

　　Mengri took a look at it, knowing that this letter was discussing the limit of the number of flows. However, he was about to go out at this time, too late to study the letter carefully, so Monge stuffed the letter into the pocket of his coat and went out.

　　 After finishing my work, it was already more than four o'clock in the afternoon. Several colleagues met to go out for dinner. They naturally also invited Monge. However, Meng Ri declined on the grounds that he still had some personal affairs to deal with. Those colleagues did not persuade them much, so they went on their own.

　　 According to Christianity, there are seven kinds of sins that can cause a person's soul to fall into hell. They are pride, jealousy, rage, laziness, greed, deliciousness, and lust. If this is true, in Europe, French people should have the highest chance of falling to **** because of their delicious food. Like the big food countries in the East, the French, especially the nobles of France, are famous throughout Europe for "good for the drink of the night." Compared to Paris, the prices in Nice are much cheaper, and all kinds of seafood are also extremely rich. A few people eat from the afternoon until late at night, until the food and wine not only fill their stomachs, but even their esophagus. It wasn't until their throats that they wandered into the carriage and returned to their residence. But when they came back, they discovered that their lives had been very regular. According to the habit, the light was still on in the room of Monge, which should have gone to bed long ago.

　　 "What is Meng Ri doing?" someone muttered.

　　 "Follow him, that rigid guy doesn't look like a Frenchman." Another drunk guy replied.

　　 But these drunk guys don't really want to study what Monge is doing. So they just grunted and went back to sleep by themselves.

　　Meng Ri naturally didn't know what the drunks said about him outside his door. In front of his desk, there is a large stack of draft papers, neatly and densely packed with various calculation formulas. He frowned, calculating seriously, until another candle burned out, and the sky outside his window began to light up slightly.

"Joseph's research is quite good, at least I haven't found any problems. Well, he was inspired by the construction of the fort? It's really good to be young. When I was young, my thinking was better than now. Much agile." Meng Ri put down his quill and exclaimed.

　　 "Joseph should also send this paper to the Academy of Sciences. I don't know what those guys in the Academy of Sciences evaluate." Monge thought at last.

Joseph did send this paper to the Academy of Sciences, but one thing Monge did not expect is that Joseph sent a new paper to the Academy of Sciences within a week. In this paper, he also derived An important inequality. This inequality was originally called Cauchy's inequality in history, but now, I am afraid that the name will be changed.

But this was just a starting point. Half a year later, Joseph published a physics paper "Research on Frictional Heat Generation". In this paper, Joseph rubbed two pieces of ice enclosed in a glass box submerged in water. Melting, while the two pieces of ice of equal mass and temperature in the comparison group melted naturally, and the temperature changes of the water in the two groups were recorded. The water temperature of the friction group did not drop more sharply. On the contrary, the decline is smaller, and the decline curve is also smoother. Joseph pointed out that this phenomenon is diametrically opposed to the inferences that can be made based on traditional thermal mass theory. Based on this, he further inferred that the popular thermal theory may not be correct.

　　 "Theory of thermal mass" is a scientific hypothesis that emerged after Lavoisier used experiments to overthrow the "Phlogiston theory". This explanation assumes that heat is a substance called “caloric”, which is massless and does not occupy space. After the object absorbs the heat, the temperature rises, and the heat is changed by the temperature. High objects flowing to low temperature objects can also pass through solid or liquid pores.

　　 "Theory of thermal mass" can explain many physical phenomena quite effectively. For example, if hot tea is cooled at room temperature, it can be explained by the theory of thermal mass: a high temperature of hot tea indicates a higher concentration of thermal mass, so the thermal mass will automatically flow to the area with a lower thermal mass concentration, that is, the surrounding colder air in. Thermal mass theory can also explain the expansion of air when heated, because the molecules of air absorb thermal mass, making its volume larger. If we further analyze the details of the process of air molecules absorbing heat, we can also explain the thermal radiation, the phase change of the object at different temperatures, and even most of the gas laws. So until the mid-nineteenth century, "thermal mass theory" was the mainstream scientific hypothesis. At that time, some people had already put forward the theory of molecular movement, but in this era, people generally think that these two theories are equivalent.

　　 However, the "thermal mass theory" also has loopholes. Because the "thermal mass theory" thinks that "heat" is a kind of substance, and according to Lomonosov's "law of indestructibility of matter", "thermal mass" naturally can neither be produced out of thin air nor be destroyed, but only in Transfer between one object and another. From this, there is a very natural inference, that is, if the temperature of an object rises, the temperature of another object must fall, and the total heat mass obtained by the heated object should be equal to the temperature drop. The total amount of heat lost by the object. This makes this hypothesis difficult to explain such phenomena as frictional heat generation. Because in this kind of phenomenon, it is difficult to find out, or even simply unable to find out the object that has lost its "thermal mass". For example, in Joseph's experiment, it was impossible to find the source of the heat that melted ice into water.

　　 is different from Humphrey David who first completed this experiment in history. Humphrey David is not fully aware of the meaning behind this experiment, nor has he conducted a rigorous mathematical analysis of this experiment. In fact, he himself did not pay much attention to this experiment, so this experiment was ignored at the time.

　　 But Joseph is different. He also matched the experiment with a more rigorous mathematical analysis, which proved that on this issue, the theory of thermal mass and the theory of molecular motion are not equivalent.

"To be honest, this paper has almost sentenced the heat to the death penalty!" Laplace said to Lavoisier with a full face, "Joseph, this guy is really a headache! There is clearly so in this world. There are many things that can be studied, but he always seems to enjoy destroying other people’s buildings. He...he is really..."

　　 "Yes, I also felt your pain the last time he proposed that light is waves." Lavoisier replied bitterly, "Actually, I just completed a study based on thermal mass."

"Me too." Laplace replied, "I just had an idea, maybe after taking the change in thermal mass into account, some problems in Newton's formula for the speed of sound can be corrected. However, this research has just begun. , It almost had to be interrupted temporarily."

"This is not a big problem." Lavoisier said, "First of all, your research hasn't been carried out for long. Now it is not impossible to change it from the perspective of molecular motion. And according to Joseph's argument, although molecular motion is related to heat It is not completely equivalent, but in most cases, it can be regarded as equivalent. Therefore, you should be very limited in what you want to change. But my research has been completed..."

　　 "So, teacher, UU reading www.uukanshu.com, what do you think of his paper?" Laplace asked.

"How else can I look at it?" Lavoisier said, "As last time, at least for now, I haven't found the problem in his paper. Of course, there must be a problem with his view. How can the thermal theory be wrong? At most, there are things that need to be modified and added. Well, he also admitted that there may be other explanations besides his explanation. The current thermal theory does have defects in the problem of frictional heat generation, but this is also It can’t be said that the thermal mass is completely finished. It just means that if it is to continue to be established, we must make more repairs to it... But for now, I have not found a way to repair it... This Joseph is always in Trouble us."

　　Laplace noticed that although Joseph's research has brought so much trouble to Lavoisier, and many places conflict with Lavoisier's research. If it is normal, Lavoisier should not have a very good impression of Joseph, but now when Lavoisier mentions Joseph, although his mouth is complaining, his tone of voice seems to be saying "this The child is really naughty", and does not contain any maliciousness.

"The teacher is such a generous person? It doesn't look like it!" Laplace couldn't help thinking. "In fact, he doesn't agree with Joseph's point of view at all. If someone else puts forward such a point, for example, it's me. , Maybe, maybe the teacher has been furious, but why is his attitude so gentle this time?"

"That kid is really smart, he just loves making trouble. You said that if he could use his cleverness in useful places instead of making trouble for us, it would be great. Well, when he comes back, I must Have a good talk with him." Lavoisier didn't notice Laplace's thoughts, and said with a smile.