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Chapter 819 Interpretation and Criticism of Confucianism
Kong Yinzhi left with the courage he had acquired from the emperor.

Yang Reform stared blankly at the place where Kong Yinzhi disappeared.

Xu Guangqi's eyes were also blurred, and the focus of his sight didn't seem to be here.

Everyone in the room seemed to have something on their minds.

……

for a long time.

Yang Reform finally made a move, as if he had come to his senses, looked at Xu Guangqi again, and thought for a long time, as if he was thinking about how to express what was in his heart, or how to make Xu Guangqi understand, let his own words More organized.

"...cough cough..." Yang Reform coughed, seeing that Xu Guangqi hadn't recovered for a long time, he had to remind him.

Xu Guangqi immediately came back to his senses, and quickly apologized: "Your Majesty, forgive me, I'm rude."

"It doesn't matter, what I said today is indeed a bit too much, and it really took a lot of effort... By the way, I want to know, what does Master Xu think about the people's livelihood and civil rights that I talked about with Kong Yinzhi just now?" Yang Reform asked .

Xu Guangqi thought for a while, and then said: "Reporting to Your Majesty, the so-called people's livelihood naturally refers to the basic necessities of life of the people. Those who win the hearts of the people will win the world. If the people's livelihood in the world is settled, the country will be peaceful and the people will be safe... As for civil rights, what do you think?" ..." When Xu Guangqi mentioned this question, he hesitated, obviously, this question cannot be answered immediately.

"...Minsheng is right. As for civil rights, Master Xu might as well link this word with the fact that people all over the world read books..." Seeing that Xu Guangqi hesitated, Yang Reform interrupted.

Xu Guangqi's eyes lit up, and he said: "...Your Majesty means that this civil rights will be accompanied by more and more scholars..., and..., in the end..., this..." There is no more to say .

"Yes, there are more and more scholars, not to mention that the whole world is full of scholars, as long as it reaches a certain level, such as [-]% or [-]%, it will be a great thing. At that time, civil rights will be interesting to talk about. It will definitely be very different from today..." Yang Reform said with a smile.

"...Your Majesty's words are very true... However, I still don't understand your Majesty's intentions..." Xu Guangqi nodded, but he also had greater doubts and greater ignorance. Engaging in civil rights looks good and sounds good , but these things are often like flowers in a mirror and moon in water, very empty and full of face-saving.Xu Guangqi knew that the emperor would not engage in those illusory things for the sake of a false name. Obviously, the emperor's purpose was not just to let everyone read books, and then to create something like a prosperous world.

"Hehe, good question... To be honest, I asked Kong Yinzhi to understand the people's livelihood and civil rights. These two words are actually not all. There is one more. Does Master Xu know what the last one is?" Yang Reform smiled. asked.

"Reporting to Your Majesty, I don't know..." Xu Guangqi replied.

Yang Reform didn't say it directly, but said to Wang Cheng'en: "...Brother, I have important matters to discuss with Master Xu, you go and clean up the scene, don't stand inside the door or outside the window, this matter is no small matter, it's a big deal. Just a few words can cause big problems..." Yang Reform cleared the scene first, and he can only say this to Xu Guangqi, and it will definitely be troublesome for others to listen to.

"Your maidservant takes the order!" Wang Chengen agreed.

After Wang Chengen cleared the venue, he came back to report and went out again. He knew that the emperor's intention to clear the venue included himself.

Seeing Wang Chengen go out, Yang Reform smiled without saying a word, picked up a pen and began to write on the paper, and after finishing writing, he took it up for Xu Guangqi to read.

Xu Guangqi was about to read it out.Yang Reform said: "It's good that Master Xu knows this word, don't say it for now, it's too early to say this now..." Yang Reform said with a smile.

Xu Guangqi stared blankly at the emperor, at the paper in the emperor's hand.It can be said to be very shocking!It's hard to believe what the emperor has in his hand.

Yang Reform lit a candle, put the paper on top of the candle, and burned the paper to ashes.

Xu Guangqi looked at the paper that had been burnt to ashes by the emperor, with a look of shock on his face, he couldn't believe his eyes.It is really hard to understand why the emperor would write such words.

"Master Xu is curious why I wrote this word?" Yang Reform said with a smile.

Xu Guangqi swallowed with difficulty, and then replied with difficulty: "...Reporting to Your Majesty, I really don't know." Xu Guangqi really couldn't imagine why the emperor would think of this word, and he was still planning to give it to Kong Yinzhi. If this word is uttered, the current world will be turned upside down. If the courtiers use this to say, it can also be said to be an invitation to clear the name, but the emperor himself uses this word, and the meaning is completely different, especially now. Emperor ready to change...

"Hehe, let's not talk about this word first, let's talk about what is the people?" Yang Reform asked.

"...What are the people?" Xu Guangqi couldn't resist the jumping thinking of the emperor. He was shocked to death just now, but now he talked about another matter.

"To put it simply, the people are the common people, the common people under my rule." Yang Reform first gave the answer himself.

"...Your Majesty's words are really..." Xu Guangqi replied in confusion.

"To put it simply, people's livelihood is naturally the survival and life of the people under my rule?" Yang Reform said again.

"...Reporting to His Majesty, yes..." Xu Guangqi didn't think too much, thinking that although the emperor didn't quote the scriptures and said it simply, it was the same reason.

"...The civil rights are naturally the rights of the people under my rule..." Yang Reform said again.

"...Report to His Majesty, yes..." Xu Guangqi's mind was already in confusion, unable to catch up with the emperor's thinking leap, he could only follow the emperor's train of thought.

"... Then you have to consider what kind of rights I want to give to the people under my rule, and how many rights, right?" Yang Reform said again.

"...Reporting to Your Majesty, this..." Xu Guangqi couldn't come back to his senses. Since ancient times, people's livelihood has been absolutely important. There are definitely a few baskets of truths that people can carry a boat or overturn it, but how many ordinary people are there? Rights, this is a bit difficult to say. If it was in the Han Dynasty, the official name would always have the word Mu, which shows the attitude towards the common people. Although the Ming Dynasty is not the Han Dynasty, the essence has not changed. Now there are Mushou According to one side, now that the emperor said that he wanted to give power to the common people, Xu Guangqi's thinking was a little short-circuited for a while. Since ancient times, only the emperor has continuously centralized power. Where is the emperor who decentralizes power?
"...Master Xu might as well think about the fact that everyone in the world reads books, and he will naturally understand what this word is about..." Yang Reform looked at Xu Guangqi who couldn't understand, and reminded.

After being reminded by the emperor, Xu Guangqi seemed to come to his senses, and said: "...Yes, His Majesty advocates reading for all people. That's natural. Since the world is full of scholars, this... naturally, there must be an explanation..." Xu Guangqi's eyes were fixed. Liang, wake up immediately.However, I am even more puzzled. Although there is only one word in this statement, the content and meaning contained in it are definitely not clear at once. It is probably related to the great change that the emperor said.

"That's right, all the people are scholars. Naturally, everyone will have the rights that scholars should have. In the past, this issue could not be discussed or assumed. However, since I support all people to study, this issue will naturally surface... ..." Yang Reform said.

"...Your Majesty is right, but in this way, the rights of the people of the world, or the rights of scholars, will be greatly changed, including taxes, interpersonal relationships, ethics, etc. I am afraid that there will be great changes. A big change...not to mention anything else, let's talk about the taxation. If everyone is a scholar, who will serve? Now that everyone reads, everyone has to pay taxes in the future. From now on, the privilege of exempting scholars from military service, not paying taxes, and paying less tax will be completely changed..." Xu Guangqi explained this question thoroughly. There is not much discussion, the result of the discussion is that everyone is a scholar. Who will serve and who will pay taxes is a big problem. The essence of investing a lot of money in education is to collect money from everyone in the future, and to collect money from everyone with confidence. Although this business seems to be a big loss for the current emperor, it is a bit silly, but if it really comes, everyone will be "students" "At that time, it is definitely not that the emperor is stupid. At that time, everyone will only be dumbfounded. This is in line with the characteristics of the emperor's long-term layout.Of course, another problem is more serious. To deny that everyone reads is to deny the sages, to shake Confucianism, and to completely deny them, including the legitimacy of the emperor's rule. This problem is more acute and headache than military service and tax payment.This problem, as long as you have read the book, it is not difficult for a person with a normal IQ to imagine, but the problem is that you can think of the consequences, can you deny it?This problem has directly split the scholastic community into several parts, such as those who have taken money and are devoted to education, and those who are determined to push the career of saints to the extreme; The conservatives who share power; and the centrists who vacillate whether to support the saints or support themselves.After Xu Guangqi said these words, he felt a lot more relaxed, and it was very uncomfortable to hold these words in his heart.

"...It's not difficult to speculate. As long as you have the heart, you can come to this conclusion. This is also the reason why I told Zhang Xianyong about people's livelihood and civil rights..." Yang Reform said. thirsty.

After a moment of silence, Xu Guangqi sorted out his thoughts.He asked in a more puzzled tone: "...Dare to ask Your Majesty, then Min... is the word His Majesty showed, so what's the explanation?" Understanding the meaning of the emperor's words Minsheng and Minquan, Xu Guangqi began to ask The last word, democracy, this word, if the word is said by a courtier, it is said in the past, it can be seen as an invitation to Qingming, Zhengchen and so on, it can be seen as a challenge to the emperor, because what is "" Everyone knows this thing, and maybe everyone can applaud it, but the emperor himself said this word, and it seems that he is still planning to implement it. ?
"...Actually, this question still comes back to the question of who is the people....In my eyes, people who always say, always flaunt, and always think that they are people are actually scholars and scholars, not in the ordinary sense. Ordinary people in China are represented by those big bureaucrats, big landlords, and big businessmen. No matter what they do, they always pretend to be righteous, but they have nothing to do with the real people. So, I don’t know Master Xu Can you agree?..." Yang Reform's face, which was still sunny just now, became a little depressed, or rather, a little dark.

"My minister is terrified..." Xu Guangqi was shocked enough by such direct words. The emperor was too straightforward. Even for him, his heart was beating wildly. He is also a scholar and a high-ranking official. It is natural for everyone to play tricks I can't hide it from him, most of the people in the world use the people as an excuse to actually benefit themselves, how many people can really serve the people?This trick is played all the time.

The subject fell into silence.

Yang Reform's face also changed a few times, and finally calmed down again.

"...Actually, compared with the first two words, this word is very empty. The first two words are real, and you can understand the meaning after reading the words, but this is not..." Yang Reform thought for a while, He worked hard to organize the language and spoke in a clear language that he could explain.

"...Reporting to Your Majesty, I am at a loss..." Xu Guangqi's heart also tightened. Even he couldn't talk to the emperor so straightforwardly about this question.

"... This word, when understood, should be decided by the people themselves, but is it actually possible? There are tens of millions of people under my rule, and the territory is thousands of miles away. It will be expanded in the future. It can be imagined that a war as far away as Japan would require a war as far away as Yunnan, Guizhou and deep mountains. Is the old woodcutter in the middle of the country going to command and make the decisions?" Yang Reform said with some contempt, it was not that Yang Reform despised the old woodcutter, but despised the hypocrisy of democracy.

"...Reporting to His Majesty, I can't..." Xu Guangqi replied as briefly as possible. These questions were really difficult to answer, and he could only speak as little as possible.

"...Yes! Impossible. In this era, the material foundation can't support it at all. Even if the material foundation can support it, everyone has to be the master. This is obviously not realistic..." Yang Reform's voice said more and more Smaller and, by the end, barely audible.

Xu Guangqi could only pretend not to hear, although he really wanted to ask what the emperor said.

"...So, the actual meaning of this word should be how to make decisions for the people...the question of who makes decisions for the people..." Yang Reform said with contempt and disdain.

"..." Xu Guangqi was out of his mind, the emperor said too much today, the content was too complicated, and he didn't know how to answer the emperor's words.

The topic was too heavy, and I fell into a rigidity again.

silence.

Yang Reform remained silent. Although the word democracy looks very beautiful, it is not the case in reality, and it is very empty.Yang Reform has an answer to the question of who is in charge of the people and how to be in charge of the people.

"...the reason why I plan to give this word to Kong Yinzhi in the future is also for a reason. About who and how to make decisions for the people is a big issue about this change..." Yang Reform is still leading Said with contempt and disdain.

"...Your Majesty, please express..." Xu Guangqi felt that he could not keep up with the emperor's integrity.

"...Well, when it comes to the issue of who is in charge of the people and how to be in charge of the people, one of the prerequisites is to clarify who benefits from the change, who supports the reform, and who promotes the reform...My purpose is to hope that the change will be successful. If there are people who support it, whoever supports it will naturally let whoever decides for the people,...isn't it? In other words, become a person who can make decisions for himself..." Yang Reform said in a vague tone.

"...To put it bluntly, whoever supports the reform, whoever is my supporter, I will let him be the one who makes decisions for the people..." Yang Reform's thoughts were also a little confused, and he spoke intermittently, and the more he said , the sound became smaller and smaller, and in the end, it was almost inaudible.

Xu Guangqi was thrilled to hear it. He had always had the feeling that he couldn't see through the emperor, but he only found out when he talked with the emperor today that the emperor's plan, the emperor's thoughts, and the emperor's considerations were deeper than he imagined, and the content was more profound. It's shocking.

Who are the beneficiaries of the emperor's transformation?Who supports change?Who promotes change?Xu Guangqi was very clear about this issue. The emperor hoped to develop a second industry, industry and commerce, which could make the country rich and prosperous. Only with a good weapon could the barbarians and the Japanese be pacified, and only with commerce could they receive more taxes and support the operation of the Ming Dynasty.Naturally, it was these two industries that benefited the most, and they were willing to support the change. That is to say, according to the emperor's idea, future industrial and commercial workers, including those who assisted the emperor in promoting change, were the ones who "made decisions for the people", while Needless to say, what do people who "make decisions for the people" represent, but what is the status of the second industry of commerce and industry today?The emperor's transformation, he has almost touched some edges, and just touched some edges, he felt the pressure all over the sky.

The topic became rigid again.

Silence again.

"... Forget it, let's not talk about this topic for now..." Yang Reform suddenly stopped this topic.Yang Reform knew that when he told Xu Guangqi this, Xu Guangqi might not understand what it was for, what was his purpose and reason.This topic has to be postponed, at least after Xu Guangqi has listened to all of his words, he will probably understand something.

Xu Guangqi heaved a sigh of relief. This topic was too serious. He couldn't get in the way, and he couldn't get in the way. It was always the emperor who tried every means to centralize power and maintain his own rule, but now it was the emperor who was going to decentralize power. He It's really hard to say anything, and I really don't understand what the emperor thinks. The second industry of industry and commerce has become a person who "makes decisions for the people"...

"...Well, let's talk about the issue of Confucianism again, or let's talk about the new interpretation of the Confucian word, the matter of people's need for Confucianism..." Yang Reform changed the topic again, and these topics involved reform. In all aspects, Yang Reform had to talk about them one by one, although these topics seemed unrelated.

Speaking of this topic, Xu Guangqi felt a lot more relaxed. The question just now was too depressing.

"...Your Majesty, please show me..." Xu Guangqi asked.

"...I would like to know how Master Xu understands the word Confucianism, and what do you think of the new interpretation of the word Confucianism I put forward. People need Confucianism..." Yang Reform asked, the change must involve Confucianism, because Confucianism It has penetrated into all aspects of the whole society. Yang Reform must redefine Confucianism, and people need Confucianism, which is the introduction of Yang Reform to Confucianism.

"Reporting to Your Majesty, Confucianism, softness, sorcerer's name..." Xu Guangqi began to explain the Confucian characters, from the source of Confucianism to its formation, to development, to the sole respect of Confucianism to governing the country, and Confucian rituals, music, benevolence and righteousness , loyalty, forgiveness, moderation, rule of virtue, benevolent government, ethical relations, etc., etc., I talked a lot, mostly explaining Confucianism and Confucianism, but I didn’t have too much interpretation of the emperor’s proposal that people need Confucianism. Xu Guangqi I also felt that the emperor already had his own ideas, and if he talked to him about these things today, there would definitely be a big event. He should not be entangled with the emperor on these issues, but he should see what the emperor said first.

Yang Reform listened with a smile.

"...I know what Master Xu said. Does Master Xu know how I view Confucianism?" Yang Reform said with a smile.

"Reporting to Your Majesty, I don't know, please show Your Majesty..." Xu Guangqi asked.Xu Guangqi wanted to know what the emperor would think.

"...The separation of Confucianism is what people need. I advocate that people need Confucianism. Maybe Master Xu doesn't understand why this is so. Confucianism should be ethics and morality. It should be the theoretical basis for governing the country and the state. It takes two words to separate him into this irrelevant person..." Yang Reform said.

Xu Guangqi listened silently. The emperor told him so many things. Although he was dizzy with so many things, he also knew that the emperor still had bigger things to say. These were just appearances. That's all, I have to seriously cheer up and listen.

"... My view on Confucianism and Confucianism is that it is just a tool to maintain the emperor's rule..." Yang Reform said.

"..." Xu Guangqi quickly lowered his head, terrified. He thought this topic would be relatively easy, but he didn't expect it to be more "horrifying". He didn't know who taught the emperor. The emperor actually understood Confucianism so thoroughly.

"...So Master Xu may not understand, or say, he can't agree with it, let alone argue with me on this issue..." Yang Reform looked at Xu Guangqi and lowered his head, and said again.

"Reporting to Your Majesty, this is really not something that should be said by a minister, please forgive me..." Xu Guangqi had to say that, even though his relationship with the emperor is not ordinary, it is better not to discuss this issue, it is too straightforward Yes, even if you want to say it, you have to remind me vaguely, you shouldn't say it so bluntly.

"...It's okay, Master Xu is my master, so it's okay to talk about this issue..." Yang Reformed.

"..." Xu Guangqi was left speechless.

"...As for why I said that, I think that perhaps the ancient sages, or the sages who created the characters, have already integrated Confucianism into this character..." Seeing that Xu Guangqi had nothing to say, Yang Reform said it himself stand up.

"...I would like to hear your majesty's high opinion..." Xu Guangqi saw that the emperor had already explained the Confucian characters thoroughly when he mentioned the creator of characters, and became interested. He put aside some of the taboos of being a courtier, and concentrated on discussing with the emperor. Let's start with this question.

"...Does Master Xu know this Confucianism and the time when Confucian characters were created?" Yang Reform asked.

"Reporting to Your Majesty, I know a thing or two. According to "Shuowen Jiezi", Confucianism itself can be traced back to the late Yin and Shang Dynasties. If it appears, then the seal script of the Zhou Dynasty can be verified..." Xu Guangqi said doubtfully, with a somewhat unnatural expression on his face.Obviously, the predecessor of this Confucianism was not very bright. Anyone who has done some research in this area knows that the status of those who engaged in these things was not high at that time.

"Since the Confucian characters can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty, and the big seal script is also a must for Confucianism, right? Then I asked Master Xu, who did the so-called 'people' in the Zhou Dynasty refer to?" Yang Reform had some mysterious smiles, asked with some contempt. [The Confucianism in the big seal script is also the writing method that people need]

"...This..." Xu Guangqi was a little confused, who is the "person" of the Zhou Dynasty?Could it be that there were people in the Zhou Dynasty who were not "people".The more Xu Guangqi thought about it, the more he felt that there was a problem, but where was the problem, and he couldn't find anything specific.After pondering for a long time, he still couldn't catch the light, so Xu Guangqi had no choice but to give up, saying: "...Report to Your Majesty, I am stupid, please give me your advice..."

"...I simply divided the people of the Zhou Dynasty into two types, one kind of slaves and the other kind of slave owners. In the Zhou Dynasty, among these two types of people, slaves accounted for the vast majority and were ruled by a small number of slave owners. At that time, the so-called "people's needs" were very clear. They were the needs of slave owners. Even buried alive for sacrifice, is a slave who is just a human-shaped animal a "human"? At that time, "human" would regard a slave as a "human"? If you interpret Confucianism as a human being, it is very clear that Confucianism is for "human beings" Confucianism is what people need, so I say that Confucianism is what people need, and Confucianism serves the rulers. Or to put it more bluntly, Confucianism was not of high status , they are not even counted as guests, they can only be regarded as the lackeys of slave owners, and Confucianism is cowardly, cowardly and cowardly. At that time, Confucianism actually refers to those cowardly lackeys with little strength and force. Adults refer to a kind of wriggling worm. Taken together, at that time, Confucianism was a kind of dog leg who only knew how to eat rice or other things, and was weak and specialized in serving "people"... The word Confucianism came from From the moment of birth, the people who created the characters may have integrated the essence of Confucianism into the characters, which is exactly the magic of my Chinese characters..." Yang Reform said.

Hearing what the emperor said, Xu Guangqi only felt chills all over his body. The emperor's words explained Confucianism thoroughly enough and were vicious enough. Although Xu Guangqi joined the barbarian religion, he still considered himself a disciple of Confucianism. It was so straightforward that Xu Guangqi was not only cold, but also sweating, cold sweat.

Xu Guangqi was indeed frightened by the emperor's astonishing remarks, and stood up from his chair in fright. What kind of squirm, cowardly, only know how to eat rice, only know how to cater to the master's dog legs... If you want to talk about the emperor and Confucianism It is impossible to justify the hatred without splashing the sky. Xu Guangqi didn't know why the emperor spoke so badly about Confucianism. Did the emperor really have such a big hatred for Confucianism?According to the emperor, today's "person" seems to be the emperor himself, and Confucianism is now serving the "person" of the emperor.

Exhaustion, coupled with these remarks, hit the elderly Xu Guangqi to the point of collapse, and his figure shook.

Seeing that Xu Guangqi was shaking a little, Yang Reform hurried over to support him, and said, "Master Xu, sit down quickly..."

Yang Reform helped the rickety Xu Guangqi to sit down, and took a sip of tea, Xu Guangqi felt better.

Looking at the exhausted Xu Guangqi, Yang Reform blamed himself a little, maybe he shouldn't have said Ru so badly.But if Xu Guangqi knew that there were 200 years of ignorance and backwardness in the Qing Dynasty, that Confucianism was a worm who only knew how to cater to the rulers, and that China had suffered a century of humiliation, he would probably understand why he criticized Confucianism so much.

"...Later Confucianism was the only respected, and the success of Confucianism is a good illustration of my point of view. Because Dong Zhongshu catered to the viewpoint of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was able to respect Confucianism alone.... at this time, the 'people' and 'People's needs', I think Master Xu should understand what it means..." Seeing that Xu Guangqi had improved, Yang Reform said again.

Xu Guang started to move his mouth, but did not say anything. At that time, "people" naturally referred to the emperor and imperial power, and "people's needs" naturally meant the supremacy of imperial power. The Confucian theory created by many people including Dong Zhongshu to cater to imperial power was actually true. It has nothing to do with Confucius. Although the emperor's point of view seems strange, it is indeed very unique and vicious, and it criticizes Confucianism to the point.

"...Let's talk again, why did the sage of Confucius have no ambitions all his life, why he couldn't be favored by the rulers of that era, and couldn't serve the 'people' of that era well...because according to my theory, since the Confucian It serves 'people' and lives according to the needs of 'people', so why did the burning of books and burying Confucianism happen later? Why didn't it become a prominent school at that time, and couldn't only respect Confucianism? Instead, it was just a hundred schools of thought Is it because Confucius's Confucianism is not up to standard?..." Yang Reform said again.

After sitting for a while and drinking tea, Xu Guangqi felt much better.

This question is also one of Xu Guangqi's questions. Hearing what the emperor said, he put aside other thoughts in his mind and asked, "...I would like to listen to your Majesty's teachings..."

"...The reason is also very simple. At that time, the Confucianists, that is, the sages of Confucius, did not understand who was the 'human', and who was the 'human'. If they served the wrong people, they would naturally lose their ambitions and fail to succeed... ..." Yang Reform explained.

"...Your Majesty is stupid, please explain..." Xu Guangqi asked hastily.

"This involves the definition of 'person'. The definition of 'person' in different eras is different. This involves the turning point of two eras. The era of Confucius and the era of Qin and Han are two different ages. In a completely different era, the definition of "human" has undergone great changes...Confucius lived in and previous eras were a slave society, and "human" refers to slave owners, who have life and death on slaves Great power can be disposed of at will, and slaves at that time could not be called human beings. Therefore, serving slave owners was the definition of Confucianism at that time, but in the era of Confucius, the form has changed, because the relationship between countries Due to the needs of competition, war and other reasons, slaves are no longer slaves who can be killed casually. Slaves are evolving into "human beings", and they can even change from slaves to "human beings" with military merit. The reason...Master Xu said, in the Qin and Han Dynasties, what is it like to kill people at will and bury people? At this time, social relations have undergone tremendous changes, and "people" are no longer slave owners, but kings, enfeoffers , the landlord, is the feudal system of landlords headed by the emperor. Slaves are no longer slaves who can be killed at will. Refers to the slave owners in the past, "human needs" are not only the needs of slave owners, but also the needs of some slaves who are about to become ordinary people... Confucius obviously did not understand what a real "human being" was at that time , how could it be accepted by the times? It was only in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that Confucianism re-adjusted its direction, not only catering to the ruling needs of "people", but also catering to some of the needs of the common people. It's beautiful, because at this time, the ordinary people also have some "human" rights..." Yang Reform tried his best to explain.

This novel theory kept bombarding Xu Guangqi's mind, and Xu Guangqi was already stuck there.

"...The change that I am promoting now is somewhat similar to that of Confucius in those days. It is similar to the expansion of the scope of 'people'. Back then, the scope of 'people' changed from slaves to civilians. Common people, common people have some rights as "human beings". This change in scope has completely changed that era. Since then, the era has entered the era of enfeoffment from the era of slavery. The Confucianism did not adjust this "human being" in time. The scope of "needs" was abandoned by the times at that time, and now, the reform led by me also needs to expand the scope of "people" again, and ordinary people may obtain more rights, or in other words, from The basic common people have become "people" who can be their own masters, and the scope of the "human needs" of Confucianism also needs to be adjusted and expanded accordingly, otherwise, they will also be abandoned by the times. One key..." Yang Reform said earnestly.

Xu Guangqi was very speechless. After listening to the emperor's words for so long, in addition to physical fatigue, there was also a mental shock, which made him mentally and mentally exhausted and confused.

"...Reporting to Your Majesty, if I understand correctly, the scope of 'person' has been expanded in the reform Your Majesty mentioned. It means that everyone reads books..." Xu Guangqi was silent for a long time, and finally answered. On such a sentence.

"...Well, yes, this is basically it. As the emperor, although I despise Confucianism, it is impossible to truly abandon Confucianism. Confucianism is still protecting the imperial power itself. As the most important 'person' of this era, I, As the most important "human needs" that Confucianism serves, it benefits the most, so it is impossible to put Confucianism to death... In short, the relationship between the current imperial power and Confucianism is too deep, Confucianism and the whole society are involved It is too deep, and it is impossible to completely abandon Confucianism, unless the dynasty is changed, and I am the one who is the last person who is unwilling to change the dynasty..." Yang Reform said with a little silence, if he crossed over, he would not be an emperor, but an ordinary People, I guess I won’t take this reformist path, I guess I won’t spend such a lot of effort to reform Confucianism, but the flames of fire, the change of dynasty, everything is said with a knife, and anyone who refuses to accept it will be chopped off. Everything is much simpler and clearer, where as it is now, one step to see ten steps, being restrained everywhere, be careful everywhere.Of course, there are pros and cons to each of these, and it cannot be said that rebellion is easy.

"...Reporting to Your Majesty, the subject understands a little bit, so His Majesty will insist on supporting everyone to study. Only in this way, there will be a way for the category of 'human being'. It is reasonable and reasonable, and it can be expanded in a more peaceful way. Without cutting off Confucianism, continue and inherit Confucianism to the greatest extent, achieve a relatively smooth transition, not make the society too turbulent, and prevent China from being robbed?" Xu Guangqi said with a lot of emotion, and he understood what the emperor said. .

"...Forget it, since I can't sever the relationship with Confucianism, nor can I overthrow Confucianism. After all, Confucianism itself serves me and the class I represent, so I can only take the road of improvement. Therefore, I made a wish for Kong Yinzhi to become a saint. As long as he is willing to assist me, I will fulfill his wish to become a saint... Actually, speaking of it, this should have been his family's responsibility, but unfortunately he did not. It is impossible to have this kind of insight, and there is no such courageous person in Confucianism, so I can only force him bit by bit. This is why I asked Master Xu to help Kong Yinzhi... ..." Yang Reform said in a somewhat silent voice.On the road from feudal agricultural society to capitalist industrialization, there are too few people who can see it clearly. Only by standing at the height of history can I get a glimpse of some context. The situation of the high and low is really uncomfortable.

"Reporting to Your Majesty, I understand a little bit, but I am stupid. I really don't know how to help Yan Shenggong. Even if these theories of Your Majesty can convince me, how can I convince the world? Convince the people of the world?... Your Majesty, forgive me Bold, these words cannot be spread out. If spread out, it will definitely be a catastrophe. If it is wrong, it will definitely cause turmoil in the world... At least, now is not a suitable time..." Xu Guangqi also gradually understood something The emperor's meaning was understood, and he began to analyze things for the emperor.

"Master Xu is right. These things must not be said at the moment. If they are said out, the people of the world will be panicked. If they are used by someone with a heart, there will be some turmoil in my Huaxia. Let this word go out at this time. This change is too drastic. What I mean is that this change must be carried out in a relatively stable, peaceful, and controllable manner. Come out, and at that time, everyone's reading has achieved some initial results, and there is also a certain support base, so that this statement can be thrown out, and it can be easily accepted by the world..." Yang Reform said.

"Your Majesty is also right. Talking about this topic at this time is too vigorous and not conducive to change. We can only wait for those who benefit from everyone to study to grow up, and maybe we can mention it..." Xu Guangqi sighed , The emperor's change is too complicated, and it is too difficult to control in operation. If one is not careful, there will be big problems. Exhaustion is Xu Guangqi's greatest feeling.

"Well, this is also the reason why I asked Master Xu to help Kong Yinzhi. Confucianism now has no ability to innovate its own theory, and lacks the necessary practice to support new theories. Therefore, I pin my hopes on Master Xu. "Yang Reform said.

"...Returning to Your Majesty, forgive me for your words. Although Your Majesty can persuade you, and I am willing to do my best to help Your Majesty, I have to say that I am very at a loss about this matter..." Xu Guangqi sighed and said To be honest, he himself didn't quite understand how to help others. This matter is too complicated and too huge. If he can't look at this matter from the height of the overall situation, he won't be able to see through it, and he won't be able to see through and control it. One thing, if the reform is to be successful, it is almost a dream, and he has no idea what he is going to do.

(End of this chapter)