Interpretation of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching

Chapter 56

[Han De is thicker than a child. 】

Qian’s case: Fu Ben’s “those who are more virtuous are compared to those who are innocent”, the model version does not have the word “zhi”, and He Shanggong and Wang Bi do not have the words “zhe”, “zhi” and “ye”.Liezi Tianrui Zhang Zhan's commentary and quotes are the same as this stone.This cloud "Chizi", Liu Fengshi's note in Jia Yi's biography of Han Shu said: "The baby's body is red, so it is called Chizi's ears."

【Poison does not sting,】

Yan Kejun said: Yuzhu, Heshang, and Gao Hui wrote "poisonous insects do not sting", and Wang Bi wrote "bees and snakes do not sting".According to the two links of "口" and "虺", it is wrong to make a "worm".Qian's case: Suizhou and Jingfu share this stone.Fenxi, Louzheng, Naijuan, Yan, Gu, Peng, Zhao Tongyu Annotations, Fan Tong Wangbi.Fu Ben wrote "Bees do not sting".

Bi Yuan said: According to the character "虿" should be "口", "蜜" should be "".In the Han book, "the moth bites the hand and cuts off the hand, and the mouth feet cuts off the foot", which is called stinging.Shuowenjie character "口" is "口", which means "sting." The meaning of the two characters is close.

Qian's case: "Insect", Yupian: "A viper, this is the ancient Chinese word for 虺."Zilin: "Flying insects sting people." "Stinging, insects are also poisonous." The word "snake" is meaningless here, and should be taken from the stele.

Yu Yue said: According to Heshang Gong's work "Poisonous insects do not sting", the annotation says: "Bees and snakes do not sting." These six characters are also Heshang Gong's annotations.Wang Bi's version also regarded it as "poisonous insects do not sting", and later generations poured it into the river.

Jiang Xichang said: Wang's note "A child has no desires or desires, and does not offend other things, so things that are poisonous insects do not offend people." It is the king who made "poisonous insects".Gu Bencheng wrote "poisonous insects are also snakes", and strengthened Ben Rong's note "so poisonous insects must not shed their poison", so Cheng and Rong were called "poisonous insects". "Bee 虿 虺 snake" should be changed to "poisonous insect" to restore the truth of the original, Yu said.

[The ferocious beasts do not fight, and the birds do not fight. 】

Takeuchi Yoshio said: The Dun version of these two sentences is "grabbing birds and hunting fiercely without fighting", and the Sui version is the same as the Dun version, except that the word "shou" is used as "beast".

Qianzhi's case: the model version is the same as the Sui version, except that "beast" does not have the word "not based" before "grabbing bird".Strictly follow this work, "Snatch birds without fighting, and beasts do not seize", and the two sentences are reversed.

Ma Xulun said: This article is regarded as "beasts do not grab, birds of prey do not fight".The custom of Huainan Qi states that "if the birds are poor, they will fight, and if the beasts are poor, they will grab". "According to" and "grab" are similar in shape but wrong, and they also take away the ear of the word "prey".Cheng Shu said: "Snatching birds are like hawks." Eagles are also birds of prey.According to Yuan Xiuwen's article, "When the yin and yang of heaven and earth are prosperous and long, ferocious beasts do not grab, unruly birds do not fight, and vipers do not sting." In this article, "beasts" and "birds of prey" are also relative, and "grab" and "strike" are relative. , especially as an example.Pan Zheng wrote "Beasts of prey do not grab, birds of prey do not fight".

Qian's case: Pan Jingguan's version changed "according to" to "grab", which is not the same as Dun, Sui, and model versions without the word "not based on".In the case of the word "grab", Tang Xuanzong's imperial commentary on Tao Te Ching Shu, Li Yue, Li Daochun, Du Daojian, Qiang Siqi, and Song Kanhe Shangben all wrote "玃", which is another construction of "grab".Fu Ben wrote "grab".Said the text: "grab, hold with claws." All the scriptures cited the sound and meaning of Cangjie: "grab, fight." And quoted Huainan Ziyun: "the beast is poor, grab." Gao You's annotation: "grab, pinch." The meaning of holding hands together.Grabbing birds, hawks and the like, Luo Juan is written as "mouth bird", and Suizhou's original is "mouth bird", both are vulgar characters.The fifth volume of the four-tone rhyme of Xia Song's ancient prose has the word "grab", which quotes Guzi as 口; The word "according to" is in the shape of two tigers facing each other, which is an old book.According to Wang Niansun Reading Magazine Volume [-]: "Warring States Policy Chu Policy: 'Chu and Qin are difficult to construct, this is the so-called two tigers fighting each other. 'The word is also. 'According to' reads like a halberd, which means that two tigers are holding each other... Selected works of Jiang Yan's miscellaneous poems 'Secret, and meet the tiger according to', Li Shan's commentary quotes this strategy 'two tigers according to each other', especially proof Hey. This article was passed down by Zhang Yi in Shiji, and it should also be called "two tigers according to each other". ', the article on salt and iron theory said, 'Tigers reject each other, but ants succeed', all of which are evidences. Today's history records it as 'two tigers fighting each other', because later generations have heard more about 'struggle' than 'evidence' , so change 'according to' to 'struggle'." Zhishiji and Warring States Policy can change "according" to "struggling", and Huainan and Shuoyuan can also change "according" to "grab".This should be taken from the stele, as "according to".

【The bone is weak and the mouth is soft but firm. 】

Qian's case: "口" should be used as "jin" from each book.Shuowen: "Tendons, from force, like tendons." Tian Qian said: "Strength, tendons, like the shape of human tendons; bamboo is a thing with many tendons, from force to its shape." Now according to "tendons" , Jinglong, Dunhuang, and Jingfu are written as "口", and Yuzhu, Heshang, Wang Xizhi, and Zhao Mengfu are used as "口", all of which are vulgar characters.Lu Deming said: "The mouth is the vulgar." The words of the Nine Classics say: "It is a mistake to make '口' a vulgar, and also a 'muscle'."

[I don't know the combination of the male and the female, but the mouth is made, and the essence is perfect. 】

Yan Kejun said: "And the mouth is made", Wang Bi is "and the whole work".The interpretation cited the river as "口", and the original one as "脧". "Essence of Zhizhi", Heshang and Wang Bi have the word "ye" under "Zhi", and the next sentence is the same.

Wei Jiasun said: "Erzuo", "Er" was originally empty, and the word "口" was added by Yan Sui, and the imperial note was 泐.

Luo Zhenyu said: Dunhuang version and Jingfu version are also called "口". "Essence Zhizhiye", Jinglong, Yuzhu, and Dunhuang have no word "ye", and the following "Hezhizhiye" is the same.

Qian's case: Suizhou, Fenxi, Louzheng, Naijuan, Yan, Gu, Peng, Wang Xizhi, and Zhao Mengfu are combined as "口", Fu and Fan are used as "團", and Gao Sui is used as "口".Fan Yingyuan said: "'脧', Fu Yi is the same as the ancient version, and most of the current versions are written as '口'. The word annotation of '朘' in Yupian is also used as '口' and '口', which are common to all three characters, and are sub-Leiqie. Chi Zi Yin also."

Yu Yue said: According to "erquanzuo", the meaning of the word "quan" is not clear.Wang's note: "To do, to grow, and nothing to damage the body, so it can be full-length." It is not safe to say.In the Heshang version, "quan" is "口", and its note says: "Chizi does not know the union of men and women, and those who are angry with yin are caused by excess energy." The word "口" is interpreted with the word "yin". .The meat department of Yupian: "朘, chiziyin also." "口" means "朘".Those who suspect that Wang's original work is "full" are mistakes in the word "口". "口", the original character of "Yin"... Lao Tzu's ancient version, Gai Cong wrote "口" in the ancient text, while Lishu may be "口", and the left side of the word "Yin" in the Wuliang ancestral hall painting is also "口". The word "口" is broken, and only the upper half is preserved, so it is similar to the word "Quan", because it is mistaken for "Quan".It is the original text of Laozi who pretended to be "口", the wrong word of "口" who made "quan", and the other version of "口".According to Wang's mistake, he made notes and could not correct them, so he made Lao Tzu's original text impossible to see again, which is a pity.

Yi Shunding said: According to the interpretation of the text: "Heshang is originally made of 脧." He also quoted the text: "The 脧, Chiziyin is also." It is said that there is no word "脧" in the text, so it is in the Tang Dynasty.The Yupian also says that "the scorpion is the yin of the chizi", which is the meaning of the text.It means that the word "朘" is included in the text, and the cover comes from Laozi. The sound of "朘" and "Quan" is similar, so it may be false "Quan".The mistake of Wang's note is that he did not know that "quan" is a pretext for "朘".

Hong Yixuan said: It is said that there is no word "朘" in the text.Yupian: "朘, chiziyin also. It is also called 口, and the sound is also called 口." There is no word "口" in Shuowen, and "口" is suspected to be a false word for "口".It is said that "the mouth, the mouth is covered, the mouth is covered with elephant skin, and there are two arms underneath, and the evening is underneath, read like a fan." To also", the meaning is also consistent.

Zhang Binglin said: Lao Tzu "does not know the combination of male and female, so he made it in mouth", and the interpretation: "口, Chiziyin is also, and Ziwei is reversed." Sanzhou called Chiziyin and said "口" (Sanzhou dialect outside the Ling Dynasty).

[All day long but not arrogant, and to the end. 】

Qian’s case: “The name is not 嗄”, Yan Kejun said: “Gao Hui’ has the word ‘嗌’ in the ‘under’.” Cases of Yan, Peng, Fu, Fan, Wang Xizhi, Zhao Mengfu, and Fenxi all have “嗌” Character. "Number", strictly as "howl". "嗄", Heshang and Naijuan are made as "dumb", Fu is made as "口", and Yan is made as "嚘".Case Zhuangzi Geng Sang Chu Pian "The son howls all day long but never howls, and he is in harmony", the interpretation: "'Howl', originally called 'hao'. '嗄', originally called '嚘'." Ancient banknote roll Originally written as "the son calls all day long but does not sip", it is suspected that Lao Tzu came out. "嗌" is the dialect of Qin and Jin, and Li Yi said: "嗌 sound, it is called choke." Yangxiong dialect six said: "Si (sound), 嗌 (evil intervenes), choke (both are called sore throat) Also, Yin Yi). Chu said hiss, Qin and Jin may call it 嗌, and it was called choke.” Lao Tzu, who is from Chu, should use the Chu dialect.

Cheng Xuanying said: "Those who say that Chizi crows all day long without hissing are unintentional, and his harmony does not dissipate." Cheng saw this scripture, and suspected it was "all day long but hissing without squawking".Peng Si's interpretation said: "嗌, pharynx. Huang Maocai said: "There is no word "嗌" in ancient books. And "嗌不嗄" is also the text of Zhuangzi. Later generations added it to Laozi's book, so I don't take it now.'" And "嗄", this is also called "噫", or "dumb".Lu Deming said: "If the sound is not humming, it is regarded as humming." Zhang Taishou of Daozang Hui engraved four annotations saying: "Bi's '嗄' is used as '噫'." He also quoted Bi saying: "There is no desire to compete, so all day long Make a sound without 噫." It is Wang Ben's "噫".噫 and 欭, choke, and 嚘 all turn with one sound.Yan's original work is "嚘", referring to "Crying the name without crying, it can be said to be peaceful", and the jade article is also quoted as "All day long but not crying".The word "嚘" in Shuowen says: "The language has not yet determined its appearance." Yang Xiong Taixuanyi: "The second is soft, the baby is on the number, and it will not be on for three days. The test says: The baby is on the number, and the center is harmonious." The language is Laozi. "嚘", from the mouth to worry, is close to "嗄".It has a similar meaning to "choke", and "嗄" is the original character.Sima Biao's note on Zhuangzi Gengsang's chapter on Chu: "Chu people say that the mouth is extremely silent and it is called 嗄." Lao Tzu, a Chu person, used Chu dialect, and Qin and Jin used it as "嗌" and "choke". "choke" has a worrying meaning.Liu Duanlin's biography of biography says: "choke, worry too. The poem 'the center is like a choke', and the biography says: 'choke worry can't stop.' The word choke worry is double-voiced. Yupian cited' poem "the center is like choke", which means that choke worry can't be stopped "Xi Ye", add a word "pretend", which is the meaning of Mao's family. "Yeyou" means "欭嚘", which means Qi is against. Shuowen's word "欭" Note: "worry also." Yupian "嚘" Word note: "Lao Tzu said: "All day long but not swearing. "嚘, qi is reversed, also known as 口.' Guangyun: '欭, also sighed with sorrow.''口, qi is reversed.' Choke, 噫, 嬭, worry, turn around." The case is at the end of the case, Wang Niansun Dialect Supplementary Supplement (Volume [-] of Gaoyou Wang's Posthumous Manuscript) cited it, saying that it is true that "the purpose of Mao's biography and dialects is actually understood".According to the current revision of Lao Tzu, it is known that "the name is not hoarse", and "gai" is an old book, which evolved into "嚘", which is "口", because it was transformed into "噫", which is "dumb", which is a dialect The changing ears.Yi Shunding said: "According to Zhuangzi Gengsang Chu's article, it is said that 'the end of the day is the name but not 嗄', the original Laozi's text is more recent and reliable than the Taixuan and Yu articles." The "dumb" of "dumb", Suoyin said: "dumb, also sickness." This chapter rhymes with sting, according to, stroke, solid, Zuo, and 嗄, all of which have the same ancient pronunciation. Rhyme. Interpretation: "Hey, once you step back, you can turn back." The sound is not." Zhang Binglin said: "Sima Biao said: 'The people of Chu say that the mouth is extremely silent and call it He. ', the mouth is very silent, also called '嗄', which is often borrowed from the word 'dumb'. 'Dumb' is a joke in this training, and it is easy to say 'laughing and dumb'. It’s been a long time.” (New Dialect [-]) Based on this, we know that “dumb” is a borrowed word, but the original word is actually “嗄”. "嗄" and "阿" are the same characters, so Heshang and Naijuan are used as "阿", but "阿" is a later word. If you want to restore the authenticity of Lao Tzu's ancient version, you should use "嗄" and "嚘" from the stele. , as "口", as "噫", as "dumb" are all wrong.

【Knowledge and peace are called routines, knowing routines is called bright, benefiting life is called auspiciousness, heart makes qi strong. 】

Yan Kejun said: "Knowledge is often called Ming", and "Ri Ming" is written on the river, and the following two sentences are the same.

Takeuchi Yoshio said: "Yisheng is called Xiang", the word "Xiang" is "detailed" in the Dunhuang book collected by Luo Zhenyu.The case "Xiang" is a pretext for "牂", which is synonymous with "zhuang", and corresponds to the word "zhuang" in the following "things are strong and old".

Qian's case: Luo Kaoyi is not as good as this.The Xiaoluo volume is indeed "Detailed", which is the same as the Suizhou version, and Luo is out of school.So there is no sentence "knowing the common saying is bright". For the word "曰", Jingfu and Nai Juan write it as "日", and the next three sentences are all the same; in the Muromachi version, the next three sentences are written as "日", and the first sentence is written as "日". The word "qiang" was written as "qiang" by Lou Zheng and Wu Neidun, and "zeqiang" by Fu Yi's "Yueqiang".Also, "Yisheng means auspiciousness", Li Daochun wrote "Yisheng is auspicious".The preface of the Daodehuiyuan said: "'Yisheng is not auspicious', or it says 'Rixiang', or it says 'Say auspicious', it is not true."Zhuangzi's De Chong Fu: "It is often because of nature that it does not benefit life." Gai Yisheng is what Lao Tzu called "the thickness of life", and it moves against nature, which is ominous. The word "auspicious" has three references to the scriptures: Chapter 31 "Fu Jia is an Unlucky Weapon", "Soldier's Unlucky Weapon", and Chapter 78 "Shou Guo is Unlucky".However, it seems suspicious to use the word "Xiang" alone.Gai Xiang has the meaning of demon Xiang.Li Qi said: "The inner demon is called Xun, and the outer demon is called Xiang." Yu Pian: "Xiang is also a monster." If it is auspicious, it is ominous.Tao Te Ching Qu Shan Ji quoted Sun Deng as saying: "The thickness of life, the evil of movement." Yes. "Yue Xiang" is easy to say.

Yi Shunding said: "Auspicious means unlucky."The preface of the book says that "auspicious mulberry valleys coexist in the dynasty", which is synonymous with the word "Xiang".Wang's note said: "Life is not beneficial, but if it is beneficial, it will lead to death."The case of modesty: Zhang Taishou of Daozang Hui engraved four annotations citing Wang Bizheng as a "demon".

Ma Xulun said: The note on the river said: "If a person can know the routine, he will become more enlightened and mysterious every day." It is also called "Riming" on the river.Cheng Shu said: "Being greedy for the world's profit and benefiting his life greatly, so troubles and obstacles are accumulated and increase day by day." He also said: "With the karma of life and death, it becomes stronger and stronger every day." Xiang". ... Lun said that "day" is "say" wrong, "say" and "ze" are common.

The case of modesty: it is true to write "yue".Huainan Dao Yingxun, Wen Zi Xia De Pian quoted and made "Yue", should be followed.Liu Wendian's Sanyu Notes (Volume [-]) said that "it is said that it should be the day, but the shape is similar but wrong", and this chapter in the Heshang version is evidence, it is not true.

Ma Xulun also said: "qi" is regarded as "qi", and "strong" is used as "rigidity".Zhuangzi's Zeyang chapter "pushes and strengthens it", and Yupian's quotation as "rigid" are examples. ... Lao and Zhuang regard the meaning of the word "heart" as the winner, such as Zhuangzi's "Human World": "If you don't listen to it with your ears, you should listen to it with your heart; if you don't listen to it with your heart, you should listen to it with your breath. Qi is also a person who treats things with emptiness." Emperor Ying said: "Your mind is indifferent, and Qi is in the desert." This book "focuses on qi to make softness" and "emphasizes qi to make peace", both of which are also true.The meaning of the word "qi" is the same, so it is said that "the heart makes the qi stiff".

Yu Yue said: According to this, there are two sentences of "the reason is to use its light to restore its brightness", which was deleted by later generations because it has already been seen in Chapter 52.Huainan Daoying Pian quoted Lao Tzu as saying: "Knowing harmony is called routine, knowing routine is called brightness, benefiting life is called auspiciousness, and heart makes qi stronger, so use its light to return to its brightness." This is the proof of these two sentences in ancient books.And "using its light to return to its brightness" is the meaning of seeing that things cannot last forever.Therefore, the following text says: "Things grow old when they are strong, and they are said to be immoral, and they have long since been immoral." If these two sentences are removed now, it does not belong to the meaning of the following.Wenzi Xiade said, "Knowing harmony is called routine, knowing routine is called brightness, benefiting life is called auspiciousness, and the heart makes qi stronger, which is called Xuan Tong, using its light to return to its brightness", there are also the following two sentences.

[Things grow old when they are strong, and they are called immoral, but they have long since been immoral. 】

Yan Kejun said: "It is called immorality", and Yu Zhu and Gao Hui wrote "It is called immorality".

Luo Zhenyu said: The Dunhuang version combines the word "no" with "fei".

Qian's case: It is also true to say "no". "Early" is regarded as "early death", see Chapter 30.In the Suizhou version and the Gu version, "不" is changed to "非". In the Yan version, the upper sentence is written as "非", and the next sentence is written as "不".Louzheng, Fenxi, Peng, Fu, Fan, and Zhao all share this stone.Wang Xizhi's "calling it" is "is saying", Heshang's "things are strong will grow old" is "things are strong and will be old", and Guangming's "has been" is "early".And the three quotes from Lao Tzu in the Tai Su Juan are the same.

[Phonetic Rhyme] The rhyme reading of Jiang's family in this chapter: sting, according to, stroke, solid, Zuo, 嗄 rhyme (fish department, sting sound Shu, Bo sound cloth, make sound curse, 嗄, sparse sound).Chang, Ming, Xiang, Qiang, (Yangbu), Lao, Dao, Jiyun (Zhi, Youtongyun, Lao, Lusoufan, already consonant with unitary).Qian's case: Lao, Dao, Youbu, Ji, Zhibu, this, Youtong rhyme.Yao Wentian and Deng Tingzhen are the same, but "嗄" is used as "dumb", and "Ji" has no rhyme.Gao Benhan: "喤" is used as "pardon", and the rhymes of forgiveness, fighting, making and evidence, and solid and solid are rhymes, old, Tao, and already.Gu Yanwu Tang Yunzheng 22 Past: "Sting" removes the sound, and the sound is pardoned.The sound of the nineteenth "strike" is the sound of Fu, which quotes Lao Tzu's chapter, and the sound is reversed, and the sound is Hu.Jiang Yougao Tang Yun's four tones are positive 22 In the past, it was said: "Sting", Shi only cuts.According to ancient times, there is a sound of going away, and it should be collected together with the imperial department."Poisonous insects do not sting" in Laozi's Xuanfu chapter, in collaboration with Ju and Bo (sound cloth).Kong Guangsen's Poetry Sound Class ([-]) Fish said: The ancient text goes to the Association, Lao Tzu: "The beast does not hold, the bird does not fight, the bones are weak and the tendons are soft but firm." Make, 嗄 for rhyme.According to "tuan" as "struggle".The interpretation of the word "fighting" in the text of Shuowen says: "It is also necessary to hold." Zhou Li shot a person "raccoon head" and noted: "The raccoon is good at holding, and it is fighting." Huainanzi said: "Birds are poor, and animals are poor. Then grab it." This is its meaning.People from Zhou Lihuan "fight the spy thief", the classic interpretation "Bo, Fang Bufan", is the character of Yubu, and this is the sound.The context of this section all uses imperial rhyme, and this sentence should not be unique, but it is in harmony with the rhyme when "bo" is used.You Erya said "grabbing father is good at caring", Guo Zhuyun: "can grab people, good at looking forward to." Shuowen "grabbing" word solution says: "the big mother monkey is also good at grabbing people." The meaning of this section, Gai said that poisonous insects are good at stinging but not stinging, ferocious beasts are good at attacking but not attacking, and grabbing birds are good at fighting but not fighting, then this is also consistent with the righteousness.Also "zuo", the ancient pronunciation is like 阼, 胙.The ancient pronunciation of Xia Sheng's character is in the imperial department, and it is said that there is no word "嗄" in the text.The word "嗄" in Guangyun quoted Lao Tzu's "calling all day long but not shouting", and the note said: "The voice does not change." Zhuangzi Geng Sang Chu said "howling all day long but not shouting", which is the same as this article.It is Lao Tzu's original work "嗄", which rhymes with the words 斗, 约, 打, GU, Zuo, etc.Fu Yi corrected Laozi as "Bukou"; the word "嚘" in the Yupian quoted this sentence as "Bukou", and noted: "Qi is reversed." It is because they did not know that "嗄" is a word that enters the rhyme, so there are different words. .And Lao, Dao is the rhyme, Lao, Dao are both the sounds above the quiet part. "Old", the ancient sound is in the part of Zhe, the poem drumming rhymes with "hand", the female saying rooster crows rhymes with "wine", Caiwen rhymes with "雠", "Yu" and "ugly", Xiaobian rhymes with "shou" Rhyme, Panshui rhymes with "口", "wine", "Tao" and "ugly".

There are 77 characters in the Youjinglong stele version, 75 characters in the Dunhuang version, 79 characters in the Heshang version, 81 characters in the Wang version, 83 characters in the Fu version, and 82 characters in the model version.He Shang titled "Xuan Fu Wu", Wang Ben titled "55 Chapters", and the model title "Han De Zhi Hou Zhang Wu".

(End of this chapter)