This is the most effective way to learn

Chapter 62
When you read words and phrases that you don’t know or don’t understand, write them down immediately.If you can find it out by yourself, you can find it out from dictionaries and dictionaries, and note it in detail; if you can't find it out by yourself, you should immediately ask others for advice, or ask the teacher for advice during class.

2.Record difficult problems.

When you read a sentence whose meaning you don't understand, write it down immediately and indicate the number of pages and lines for easy checking.Or go to the teacher or others for advice. If you have any questions about the use of words, sentence making, or the structure of the article, you should write it down immediately.Because these are very practical and valuable research materials for you, you must not let them go easily.

3.Express your opinion.

Read all the way down, maybe there will be an opinion in my heart.This kind of opinion can be recorded.Don't think that you are too young and have little knowledge to dare to express your opinions; if you think carefully, you can express very correct opinions.I remember that when I was in high school, a classmate read Ouyang Xiu's "On the Ming Party", which quoted the historical events of the Danggu and said it happened during the time of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty. He pointed out that this was a mistake.It is said that the disaster of the party's imprisonment happened during the time of Emperor Mohuan and Emperor Ling.Another classmate read Huang Zongxi's "Yuanjun", which quoted the deeds of Xu You and Wuguang as evidence that the ancients did not want to be emperors.He once heard that the deeds of Xu You and Wuguang were quoted from Zhuangzi; he also heard that "fables accounted for eighty-nine" in Zhuangzi's book; so he pointed out how to use fables as facts?Yes, the use of unreliable legends as evidence for arguments is indeed opposed by ordinary scholars. Judging from these two things, friends of the Ming Dynasty will naturally have valuable opinions at any time. You may wish to record them carefully so that I will discuss it with others in the future.

7 ways to take notes

The methods of making reading notes vary from person to person, with various contents, complex contents, different lengths, and unlimited styles.Common forms are:
First, annotation style.This is a learning method that reads, outlines, gives instructions, and annotates.

Outline and punctuate, this is a form of reading notes that is marked while reading.It is a good method with the widest usage, the simplest method and the most obvious effect when reading.When you encounter important words, paragraphs, main points, and doubts while reading, mark them immediately.Mark with ticks, circles, dots, straight lines, double lines, wavy lines, dotted lines, question marks, exclamation marks or triangles, etc., to write down the content you emphasize respectively.This is a special mark made according to one's own habits. You should know the meaning and specific function of each mark such as the outline and circle, and use it uniformly so that it is easy to master and use during review.However, there should not be too many marks, so as not to clutter the pages and affect the effect of reading in the future.

Annotation on the book, which is at the top, bottom or side of the page, when you read it, write comments, footnotes, questions, and explanations by the way.The function of this kind of annotation: some are to write down the experience and feelings, so as to deepen understanding and memory for rereading; some are to raise questions to facilitate research, development, and innovation;The advantages are: simple, convenient, and unconstrained.In the Qing Dynasty, Jin Shengtan commented on "Water Margin", and Mao Zonggang commented on "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", both of which belong to this category of reading notes.

Second, excerpts.This is a note-taking method of extracting the original text or summary when reading.It is widely used and can be extracted from various books, newspapers and periodicals.Excerpts from the original text must maintain the integrity of the viewpoints and arguments in the book; names, place names, and data must be strictly verified; articles must be marked with subtitles, sources, and dates for easy search.

Third, the synopsis.This is the note-taking method for writing a reading outline.Make a scientific analysis of the book you read, first divide it into large paragraphs, then divide it into small paragraphs, and write out the main points to make it clear in hierarchy, clear in thinking, and coherent in reasoning, and then you can follow the train of thought to understand the author's intention.The advantage of using summary reading is that it is easy to grasp the content, logical structure, author's thinking and writing method of the whole book.

Fourth, the index type.This is a method of collecting the titles of the articles and transcribing notes about the bibliography.Index the book title, article title, author, source, version and time, etc., so that you can search in a targeted manner when you need it in the future.

Fifth, experience style.This is a way of taking notes after reading a book or article, after recollection, thinking and processing, generating impressions, associations or gains, forming a deeper understanding, and writing it down immediately.This kind of notes is of high value, and it can also be written as notes, citing extensively, demonstrating and analyzing; or written as experience, for extended analysis, expressing emotions, and discussing right and wrong.The main point of experience is to write more of your own opinions and opinions, especially about ideas, bright spots, ideas, inspirations and the like. Sometimes you can’t get the correct answer after thinking hard for a long time. Don't let it go easily, you must remember it in time.

Sixth, encyclopedia style.Before reading, divide the notebook into several columns and mark them.Then when reading or reading certain materials, you encounter the knowledge content or scope you need, and if you think it is desirable, record them in the prepared columns.In this way, the classification is clear, the content is wide, and it is easy to find.

Seventh, loose-leaf notes.Carry loose-leaf notes with you, and when reading and reading, no matter what materials you encounter, you can immediately record them on the loose-leaf.It is best to record the content of a topic on one page, so that it can be classified and bound after a period of time.Over time, loose-leaf textbooks with different system contents have been accumulated.

Two Tips for Making Reading Notes

When taking notes, there are two more tips.

One is to use four-color pens to mark the degree of importance when drawing lines.When reading a book, never draw a line on an important place. In this case, the color of the ballpoint pen is often changed due to the importance.The most important part is drawn with a red pen, the less important part is drawn with a blue pen, and the reference level is drawn with a green pen.Some people think that drawing lines with different colored pens is troublesome.But doing so can save a lot of time.If you only use red pens to draw lines, every page will be red lines, making it hard to tell which is the most important?Which is less important?So that you have to look at all the places where the lines are drawn, of course it will waste a lot of time.Although it is more troublesome, if you draw lines with different color pens and then read the book, the content will be organized no matter in your mind or on the page, and it will naturally become a reading method that improves efficiency.There is a four-color pen that is helpful for this kind of color separation work.A four-color pen is easy to carry, and it is an indispensable necessity for reading anytime and anywhere.

The second is to mark the importance marks such as "□", "○" and "△" on the upper corner of the page to facilitate re-reading and inspection.Mark "□", "○", "△", and × on the upper corners of each page of the book.It's like grading paper for answers.In fact, these marks indicate the importance of the page.When reading, if you find something important, you will mark it with "□", if you think it is still important, you will mark it with "○", if it can only be used as a reference, you will mark it with "△", and if it is unnecessary, you will mark it with ×. Books are the treasure house of knowledge. Taking out what you need from there is also the so-called "reading" homework.The parts marked with "×" are generally difficult to understand decorative sentences.It can also be said to be one of the author's methods of showing off mysteries.As long as the mark indicating the degree of importance is placed on the upper corner of the page, it will be clear at a glance when rereading or checking, and the reading efficiency will of course be improved a lot.

How to make reading cards?
Scholars at home and abroad in ancient and modern times agree that making reading cards is conducive to consolidating memory, increasing knowledge, accumulating materials, and stimulating creativity.When reading books, periodicals and documents, you should think carefully, use both hands and brains, read, think, and record, and write down useful materials for study, work or research on the prepared cards.The advantages of doing this are: (1) It is easy to grasp the key points, difficulties, famous sayings, exciting parts or important formulas, reasoning and conclusions of the content read. (2) It is conducive to generating association and imagination, stimulating the enthusiasm of thinking activities, and improving the ability to analyze and solve problems. (3) The accumulation of more materials will change from quantitative to qualitative after classification, arrangement, combination and processing, resulting in information impact, causing people to associate and imagine, so as to discover new problems, generate new ideas, and form new understandings after research. Propose new ideas and enrich academic research results.

The types and writing methods of reading cards can be divided into:
First, index cards.Each of these cards only records the title of one book or article, and explains which aspect of the self-study topic. The original text is not copied, and only the source is recorded in detail for future reference.

Second, the excerpt card.This is a practical card for excerpting some important points of view, incisive expositions, wonderful sentences, famous aphorisms, arguments, arguments, formulas, theorems, etc. from the original text.Taking these as original materials, which can be cited for study and research, is often the key material to solve major problems.When excerpting, each card has a topic, and the source must be indicated.

Third, feel free to feel the card.This kind of card is designed to record the experiences encountered and thought of in reading and work, the analogies, associations and imaginations generated. When the thinking is active and the spark of thought is sparked, immediately write down the sudden thoughts on the card, and store them in categories for future use. Organize, research and use.

In short, the practical value of reading cards is very high, and it is indispensable for self-study.After memorizing, it must be classified into categories, properly kept, regularly organized and re-read, and conduct research, discovery and creation from it.

Generally speaking, the following points should be paid attention to when making reading cards:

One thing one card.For example, each card only writes one question, one example, one point of view, a paragraph of original words, one formula, one theorem, one aphorism, etc.Only in this way can it be flexible and not messy, and it is convenient to sort and organize, carry out different permutations and combinations, and carry out multiple comprehensive utilization of reading cards.

The excerpts of the original text must be carefully thought out, selected, outlined, and kept short and to the point. They are really the essence of the original text and the key issues.Only make excerpt cards if there is an urgent need for your own study, work, or research, or if it is difficult to find valuable information, and only index cards for others.

It must be transcribed completely according to the original text, without modification or omission. When there is an omission in the middle of the excerpt, an ellipsis must be added.Extracted aphorisms, aphorisms, quotations, etc. must be faithful to the original text to prevent out of context.If you find an error in the original text, you can add brackets to explain it.

The title and category of the excerpted content should be written on the reading card; the specific content of the copied material in the middle of the card; the detailed source of the extracted material should be indicated at the bottom of the card, and the name of the book or thesis, author, publishing house, and publication time should be written.For materials on newspapers and periodicals, the name, period or date of the newspapers and periodicals should be indicated. For special documents other than books and periodicals, the document number and language should also be indicated, so as to facilitate search, verification and further reference.When reading the original text or reading cards, if you have any questions, supplements, experiences, experiences, comments, etc., you should write them on the back of the card in concise language.

The accumulation of reading cards must be sorted out regularly, and put into the card box by category. It is best to have a classification guide card and write the directory for easy search.The purpose of sorting out and flipping through the reading cards is entirely for application. On the one hand, it is to make the classification more reasonable, and more importantly, it is necessary to constantly review the contents of the cards, so that you can read the literature more purposefully and in a planned way.Find problems, add cards, and make the cards gradually focus on a certain aspect, so as to study a certain problem systematically, and guide the learning and research work to be deepened and sublimated step by step.

In the same book or article, different cards can be written according to different contents and stored in different categories.Reading cards can be continuously reclassified and reassembled according to the needs of learning and research topics. One card can have multiple purposes and be used on several problems at the same time; multiple cards can be combined into one topic and explain one problem at the same time.

How to make reading clippings?
Anyone who has been to the home of American writer Jack London finds it very strange: on the curtains, on the hangers, on the kitchen cabinet, on the head of the bed, on the mirror, on the wall... There are all kinds of small notes everywhere. People in the room thought it was some special decoration.

Actually, these little notes are not blank.It is full of all kinds of materials he collected: there are wonderful words, vivid metaphors, and all kinds of materials.Jack?London never wanted to let time slip by his nose.Before going to bed, he silently read the small note on the bedside; when he woke up the next morning, he read the small note on the wall while dressing; while shaving, he looked at the small note on the mirror; While pacing and resting, he recalled the content on the small note, and at the same time looked for words and materials that inspired his creation.Not only at home, but also when going out.When going out, Jack?London puts small notes in his pockets, and whenever he has time, he takes them out to read them, think about them, and write them down.Because of his perseverance in collecting and accumulating materials, putting them into his mind bit by bit, and using them flexibly, he has written brilliant works one after another.

Hu Shi said that he has three hobbies in his life, namely "reading, writing, and making friends".In his later years, when Hu Shi talked about learning with others, especially the method of doing Chinese studies, he said: "I have touched every big book. After knowing what materials I need, I know where to look. All kinds of books, dictionaries, and thesaurus of a line have been purchased to form a small library, which is an urgent task.”

Hu Shi’s reading, clipping, posting and using newspapers can be said to have persisted all his life. In “Hu Shi’s Diary of Studying Abroad” on May 1915, 5, the development of the newspaper clipping industry in European and American countries was recorded.From his youth studying in Shanghai, his youth studying in the United States, becoming a professor at Peking University, to serving as the dean of Taiwan Academia Sinica in his later years, he never forgot to read newspapers, cut newspapers, and post newspapers.

Liang Shiqiu once said: "What surprised us the most was that, apart from (referring to Hu Shi's diary), he cut and pasted newspapers every day, including all kinds of news, in addition to his personal notes (referring to Hu Shi's diary). The characteristics of his diary can be said to be unprecedented." Hu Shi, who is rigorous in his studies and has achieved outstanding results, has truly achieved the principle of "newspaper clippings are more valuable than persistence, and newspaper clippings are more valuable than use".

When Lu Xun was studying, he attached great importance to the accumulation of materials, and newspaper clippings were one of his methods of accumulation.Lu Xun's clipping album is neatly pasted and classified strictly, with his brief comments on each page.Lu Xun used these newspaper clippings to write many sharp essays.

(End of this chapter)