This is the most effective way to learn

Chapter 29 Appropriate choice of concentration or dispersion for memory

In the arrangement of memory time and content, there are generally two ways: one is to concentrate memory, and the other is to disperse memory.In terms of content, concentration is equivalent to the whole, and dispersion is equivalent to segmentation; in terms of time, concentration is continuous long-term memory, and dispersion is memory in segments.

concentrated memory
1.Two meanings of concentrated memory.

(1) Concentrate the time required to learn the materials, and memorize the materials repeatedly one after another.

[Experimental support] Psychologists have done many experiments to prove that the memory method of "concentrating superior forces to fight annihilation war" is superior.In an experiment, a student was asked to memorize [-] numbers, and the number of learning times was different.In the case of repeating [-] to [-] times, the number of numbers that can be remembered is not much, but once it exceeds [-] times, the number of numbers that can be remembered will increase sharply.After repeating it [-] times, you can basically remember all the numbers.This experiment shows that memorizing a longer material always requires a certain number of times.Repeating [-] times is most suitable for memorizing [-] numbers.

It is also found that repeating [-] times is also the best number of times to memorize foreign words.The optimal number of repetitions for memorizing Chinese characters is [-] times for reading and [-] times for writing.

(2) Proper over-learning.

For example, it takes [-] repetitions to memorize all [-] foreign words, and the learning level at this time is set as [-]%.If you stop immediately when you have learned [-]%, although you have learned everything at that time, it is not consolidated and it is easy to forget.If you continue to learn at this time, it is called overlearning.In general, any study should be over-studied in order to firmly remember what was learned.When the excessive degree is between [-]% and [-]%, the learning effect is the best.

[Experimental support] Someone conducted an experiment on the number of times primary school students memorized new words and copied them.For the same new characters, Group A copied [-] times, Group B copied [-] times, Group C copied [-] times, and Group D copied [-] times. Tested after [-] days, the results of groups B and D were the best, and tested after [-] days, group B was the best, and obviously surpassed group D.This shows that the effect of copying [-] times in group B is the best. It is redundant to copy [-] times for group C and [-] times for group D, which is a waste of time and energy, and the effect is not good.This shows that too much concentration is not conducive to memory.

2.Use the concentrated memory method to pay attention to two points.

According to these principles, when learning and memorizing, don't just touch the water like a superficial thing, don't do this for a while, and do that for a while, but focus the learning time and learning content relatively, and over-learn appropriately.To do this, one should first know how long it is best to concentrate on the material that one has memorized.Of course, it is not easy to understand this, because the best number of times to memorize is different for different materials, and there are individual differences between people.Generally speaking, [-] minutes to [-] minutes for primary school students, [-] hour for middle school students, and [-] minutes for college students are more appropriate.According to the actual situation of each person, with no excessive fatigue and the best learning effect as the criterion, determine your own concentrated memory time to find the best number of times, based on both theory and personal experience.

In order to avoid all kinds of interference from the outside world and to avoid interruption of thinking, when concentrating on completing a certain learning task, you can temporarily close yourself, isolate yourself from communication with the outside world, conduct efficient concentrated learning, and break through certain learning content. for better learning outcomes.However, this method is not easy to use too much, and it cannot be just stretched. If it violates the law of combining work and rest, it may even cause adverse consequences.

3.Concentrated memory method is more suitable for English learning.

At present, the very popular English trinity method is to use the concentrated learning method.It divides the English learning process into three stages: concentrated memorization of words, concentrated memorization of grammar and comprehensive practice.

(1) Focus on memorizing words.

It demands immediate concentration of the reader's time and concentration on vocabulary learning.This can break the unit boundaries, change from scattered to concentrated, and gather the words to be learned in the book.According to the rules of pronunciation, monophthongs, diphthongs and syllables are mainly in the order of stressed vowels, arranged in sequence, concentrated learning, short-term surprise; with the help of words with the same pronunciation, the same part of speech, the same structure, the same meaning or the opposite, etc. Connect to strengthen memory; use images, real objects, and homophonic strings to form sentences, compose essays, etc. to deepen memory.In this way, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, from shallow to deep, you can learn a lot of vocabulary quickly and use it flexibly, and learn it easily and happily.

Concentrated word recognition is a strengthening process. It concentrates materials, time, energy, and all means and methods to create a strengthened environment; it pays attention to mobilizing the enthusiasm of learners in all directions, and uses the repeated cycle method, and the effect is very obvious.

(2) Focus on memorizing grammar.

Aiming at the problem that grammar points are too scattered and unsystematic in regular learning, following the principle of relative concentration and repeated consolidation, the grammar is learned in the order of its appearance in the learning content, using three forms of advanced concentration, random concentration and comprehensive concentration.Advanced concentration is to preview the regular, important and common grammatical phenomena concisely in advance; random concentration is to further reveal the internal laws of grammar on the basis of digesting and absorbing the contents of advanced concentration, and conduct in-depth analysis according to some special phenomena. Learning grammar; comprehensive concentration is to organically refine and deepen the grammatical knowledge that has been taught, and make key breakthroughs on difficult points, discover laws from them, and improve comprehensive application ability.

Concentrated grammar teaching is just trying to draw inferences from one instance and draw inferences by analogy in practice, not only discovering general laws, but also revealing special laws, so that grammar teaching changes from disorder to order.Concentrated grammar learning enables readers to remove their own learning obstacles on the basis of mastering a large number of vocabulary, and stimulates students' learning initiative.Through concentrated learning of grammar, try our best to make students understand the general situation of English grammar earlier.

(3) Finally, in comprehensive practice, English can naturally achieve good results.

scattered memory
1.Advantages of the scattered memory method.

Scattered memory method is a method of dividing longer and more complex learning materials into several sections for memorization, interspersed with rest or other activities to strengthen memory.

Concentrated memory has its certain advantages, but concentrated memory refers to the method that should be adopted in a short period of time or for materials with small memory capacity.If the study time is long, or the material capacity to be memorized is large, the scattered memory method should be adopted.For example, if you study continuously for [-] hours, it is better to take a [-]-minute break after every [-] minutes of study, or divide the [-] hours to study for one hour a day.Someone has done such an experiment: Let a group of fourth-grade students read a long poem repeatedly until they memorize it word by word.The other group took the scattered memory method.The results show that the first group needs to read [-] times to recite it proficiently, while the second group needs to read [-] to [-] times on average.

[Experimental support] A psychologist also did this experiment: let two groups of students with similar intelligence levels read history and economics materials. The first group reads them five times a day, while the second group uses the distributed method. Read it every day for five consecutive days.As a result, the two groups were tested immediately after reading the materials, and their scores were similar, but they were tested again two weeks later and one month later. One-third, the second group can remember about one-third, twice as much as the first group.

Therefore, when memorizing materials that are relatively long, or when memorizing materials is relatively difficult, the effect of scattered memory is better than that of concentrated memory.Using the scattered memory method, not only the speed of memory is fast, but also there are fewer mistakes.In the above experiment, under the condition of concentrated learning, each person made an average of [-] mistakes in the retest, while only [-] mistakes were made under the condition of decentralized learning.This is because:
In distributed learning, the rest time in the middle can consolidate the content just learned, thereby improving the memory effect, and distributed learning can avoid the loss of interest and attention caused by too long learning time;
Distributed learning can also avoid mutual interference of learning materials before and after.When the memory is scattered, the nerve cells of the human brain can get a proper rest; on the contrary, the same material is always repeated, and monotonous stimulation is likely to cause protective inhibition of the cerebral cortex.

2.Dos and Don'ts for Effective Use of Scattered Memory.

Pay attention to the time interval for scattered review: Please remember: the review effect is better on the day of the new lesson, and then review each system once a week, one month, two months, and one semester, and you will be able to grasp it firmly.Especially difficult learning materials are more suitable for decentralized review.Pay attention to the following three points to make better use of the advantages of scattered review:
Distributed review must have certain prerequisites.The time is limited, and the time cannot be divided too finely, and the interval is too long. It is best to combine decentralization and concentration;
The time should not be too scattered, pay attention to implementing the principle of timely review.The intervals between studies should not be too short; this would create mutual influence.But it should not be too long.If you have forgotten all the materials from the last time when you study next time, it means that the interval is too long and should be adjusted appropriately.

Generally speaking, the dispersion method of pure memory materials is better, and it is more suitable for students with poor learning ability.For some knowledge that is numerous but must be memorized directly, various breakthroughs and scattered memory methods can be adopted to increase students' interest and confidence and enhance the effect of memory.Decompose the more complicated and difficult-to-remember basic knowledge into several levels, from point to surface, from the trunk to the branch, and then connect the key points of each level separately.In this way, complex and difficult problems can be memorized.

The combination of centralization and decentralization is better
The pros and cons of concentrated memory method and scattered memory method are related to the length and difficulty of the materials to be memorized.Materials that are more systematic, such as essay questions, are suitable for centralized memory; while those with strong memory and scattered content are suitable for scattered memory, such as English words, names of people and places, time and age, etc.It is possible to cross-combine scattered concentration and segmentation as a whole, and adopt the matching method of "time-concentrated content into segments" or "time-dispersed content as a whole".

In addition, there is a memory method that combines segmentation and the whole, called "progressive segmentation memory method", which concentrates regions while segmenting, and synthesizes several small segments into a large segment.This method is not only convenient for segmented memory, breaking down each part, but also conducive to strengthening the connection between each segment of materials and integrating them; at the same time, it is suitable for both concentrated learning and decentralized learning.No matter what kind of knowledge, it takes a lot of time to learn, and it takes a line of time.In the general review, in addition to network-based induction of knowledge (whole), it is also necessary to summarize certain knowledge from different angles (part).Especially some knowledge that has a certain connection but is scattered everywhere, if it is sorted out by combining the two, it will be of great help to enhance the learning effect.

In short, centralized memory and decentralized memory are relative, and it is impossible to generally say which of the two methods is better and which is worse.According to the length of learning time, the capacity, nature, characteristics, difficulty of memorizing materials and the specific situation of each person, choose the memory method suitable for each person.

Choose whether to disperse or concentrate according to time to achieve the best memory effect

In the application of the memory method, it is necessary to plan and arrange the learning time according to the learning objectives.That is, target management of time, strict planning, and reasonable operations.What to study in a day, and when to use it for study, you must first consider the most important learning content or the most difficult learning during the time when you are most energetic, vigorous, intellectually active, and most focused. Content, using the method of concentrated learning and memory.

The best period of intellectual activity is different for some people, some people are in the morning, some people are in the afternoon, and some people are in the evening.When studying, the most important and critical memorization materials should be arranged in the best brain time every day to ensure high-speed, high-efficiency, and high-quality learning, and it is relatively easy and easy to obtain clear and complete To improve the memory effect, use the concentrated memory method at this time.Put the learning content that you are more interested in and more scattered and easy to complete during the time when you are less energetic. At this time, use the scattered memory method.After a person has exhausted a lot of energy, he will have the idea of ​​​​stop working psychologically, and the interesting learning content will stimulate people's enthusiasm for learning.Therefore, each learner must find out the best time rule for his own learning in order to manage time scientifically.

The key operation method grasps these laws and manages the time scientifically. It can not only be calm and orderly, maintain the stability of learning, but also develop good habits and ensure the effect of memory.

(End of this chapter)