politics

Chapter 74 Volume (H) Seven (12)
One of the gods worshiped by Greek women and pregnant women is Luna, the daughter of Zeus (ρεμι, Artimi) and Lido, the sister of Apollo, and also the god of hunting.The other is Elysia (Eλουια), the daughters of the Queen of God Heila. Mattresses help women.In addition, Greece's Women's Day is from April 270th to 922th, a total of three days (at the end of October in the current calendar), dedicated to the mother of the earth (Δημηρ); Herodotus ii 4).In Athens, there are also "Three Fathers (ριοπερε)", which are also gods worshiped by women, see Phanodemus's "Fragm" (Phanodemus, Fragm) 11.The temples of Elisia in the states of Peloponnese are often built in the surrounding gates of the city gates. , Cultivate their habit of regular exercise.However, the mind is different from the body. Pregnant women should avoid tiring their minds and ensure calm emotions; since the fetus is like plants to soil during pregnancy, they obviously need to absorb the substances needed for their growth from the mother. The father is self-produced by the seed, and the mother supplies the seed with the substances needed for growth, see "Reproduction" Volume 13, Chapter 10 to 171.For fetal material nutrition, the mother's physiology should be mentioned. Here, the psychological requirement of tranquility is taken as a metaphor for the growth of plants. Only when the earth is peaceful can plants absorb the necessary substances from the soil. .

20 All newborn babies should be fed, or some may be abandoned. Many abandoned babies are found throughout Greece, and the abandoned babies are exposed in the valleys beside the city.Aristotle's Fragments 1525 37a16 pointed out that the Egyptians fed all their babies. The Greeks thought it was very strange when they knew about it.Among the abandoned babies in Greece, female babies are the most, and the hostess in ancient scripts and stories is sometimes an abandoned baby, who is picked up and brought up to become a talented woman. ?Naturally, it is possible to formulate laws and regulations. All deformed or disabled babies are prohibited from feeding deformed babies.There is the "Valley of Foundlings" near the city of Lacedaemon. .On the other hand, in cities where the custom of society does not wish to proliferate without limit, there should be contrary statutes to prohibit families from abandoning infants to their death in order to reduce the population.There must be a certain limit to the number of offspring that each family can reproduce, see volume two, chapter six, 1265b6-17. , if the number of newly pregnant fetuses has exceeded this limit, 25 then the legitimate solution is to perform induced abortion (abortion) before the embryo has any feeling and life.Whether abortion is not blasphemous (non-offensive) or blasphemy (offensive) should be based on the fact that feeling and life have not yet appeared or have already existed as the standard.

Now that we have established the age for marriage of men and women, we have to discuss how couples "perform their obligations" (λειουργεν) for the city-state. According to Welton, "bringing children" is to perform their obligations "for the city-state"; Mill et al., from the Latin translation of Lambinus, as duty "for oneself".Plato's "Utopia" 460E, in the Utopia, raising sons and daughters is regarded as the obligation that citizens should fulfill for the city-state.This volume, according to the future generations will think about the new citizens of the city-state, has a similar intention to Plato.The length of the breeding period.The offspring of an old man, like the offspring of a very young father, are physically and mentally defective; late-born offspring are usually feeble.Therefore, we should use the vigorous age of human intelligence as the basis to formulate the age at which everyone terminates childbearing.Some poets who support the number seven as a chronology refer to Note 30a1335, namely Solon and other poets.The "age of vigorous intelligence" (that is, "mental talent age") mentioned here is about 33 years old, which actually refers to men only, excluding women.It has been pointed out that the peak of human psychological function development is about 50 years old.Therefore, when people reach the age of 50 to 54, they can relieve their obligation to engage in reproduction at the age of 55; from then on, if they have not stopped intercourse, it can only be because of personal physiological or other similar reasons.

During the period when two people are married and called husband and wife, it is shameful for the husband or wife to commit adultery at any time and in any form. 40 However, if the adultery occurs during the childbearing period, the seriousness of the crime should be weighed, depriving him of some civil rights and honors respectively. See Plato's "Laws" vii 841D-E. . 1336ɑ
Chapter 14 Most of the aspects of children’s physiology and education discussed in this chapter can be found in Plato’s "Laws" volume 809; Cultural education is delayed until the age of [-] for three years (see Plato's "Laws" [-]E, starting from the age of ten, for six years) and other items

Children leave the mother's womb and grow on their own, and the food they eat affects their physical strength (physiology) to a large extent.As regards the nourishment of children, it is evident, both from the animal kingdom,5 and from the practice of savage peoples who strive to have their offspring strong and vigorous, that milk is the most suitable for the physical development of children, Chapter 1324 9b18. Take the aggressive non-Greek nation Sjutai and other four tribes as an example; the Sjutai people live as nomads and drink more milk.Caesar's "Battle of Gaul" (LCaesar, BellGall) iv 313, believes that Suebi is strong because of milk drinking.On page 588 of Brunschutz's "Industry and Income in Ancient Greece", it is believed that Greek children who have passed lactation drink more goat milk. .If you want not to get sick, then let children drink as little as possible. "Annals of Animals" Volume 3 10a789, it is believed that alcohol can sometimes cause convulsions in children. , it is beneficial to guide children in time to various activities suitable for their limbs; some non-Greek peoples,[-] in order to protect children's soft limbs from damage or distortion, still use some instruments ργανα μηχανικ, "instruments" (ingenious tools) , it is still unclear what Aristotle refers to.Newman said that it was Plato's "Laws" [-]E that children should wear "bandages" until they are two years old.Buckle said it was the "back version" of the girl's underwear.

Victory thinks it is something like the "knee pads" (serperastra) mentioned in Varro's "Latin Language" (Varro de Lingue Latina) ix 5.To help children maintain a normal posture.Equally beneficial is the early training of the infant in the habit of tolerance to cold; this will both promote health and serve as a pre-exercise for military service when grown up.There are many barbarian peoples. 15 After the child is born, he is immersed in the cold water of the cold stream. See also Galen's "Health" (Galenns, Peri Hygieinon) i 10 (Kuhn's "The Complete Works of Galen" Volume 51 page 165). On page [-] of "Strebo", it is recorded that the Iberi woman bathed the swaddled baby in the stream.

Julian's "Book John" (JulianEpist) xvi 383D, said that the residents of the Rhine River immersed their newborn babies in the river to distinguish the authenticity. All illegitimate children should sink into the water, while legitimate children can swim by themselves. ,—such as the Kerds—or wrapped in thin swaddling clothes: the purpose of these customs was to strengthen their constitutions.This section is taken from the barbarian peoples, who began cold training in early childhood.These customs may have been originally recorded in the "Compilation of Non-Greek National Rituals and Customs" (Nομμα Bαρβαρικ) compiled by Aristotle, which is now lost. .Wherever habits can be formed in the child, they should be begun as early as possible, and these disciplines should be gradually intensified thereafter. 20 Children's physique is inherently rich in internal heat. The theory of children's body heat should originate from Hippocrates' "Aphorismoi" (Aphorismoi) "Complete Works" volume 710, page [-], edited by Kuhn).Naturally suited for hardy training.

Infancy ην πρην [children's] "early" ("infancy"), indefinitely from about birth to two or three years of age.Conservation can be carried out according to our above method and other similar policies.During the period of children from the end of infancy to the age of five, their physical and mental development should not be hindered, and they should not be taught any homework, or performed any forced labor.But at this stage, 25, let them engage in certain activities so that the limbs will not be limp or sluggish; these activities should be arranged as games or other forms of entertainment.Children's games should be neither crude nor too tiring, nor suggestive of tenderness.The officer in charge of this duty—commonly called the "educational supervisor"30—should take care to select legends or stories that children of this age will hear.

All these see Plato's "Republic" ii 377, "Laws" i 643, etc.It is necessary to consider in advance the careers and tasks that they should strive for in the future; even some games must be arranged so that most of their activities can actually become imitations of the various careers and tasks of freemen. 35 Some want in their etiquette Plato's Laws vii 791E_792A, according to Spartan parenting norms, nurses keep babies quiet (cf. Plutarch's Lyricus 16) .According to Plato's text, this matter refers to infancy, so Susmere and Welton moved this section (lines 34-39) to the section on infancy after line 20 above.Children are forbidden to cry loudly; it is wrong.A child's cry expands the lungs like an adult's puff, and actually helps the child's development.

Educational supervisors need to pay attention to the management of children's daily life, and pay special attention not to let children spend their time among slaves. 40 Plato's "Laws" 794 during the period before children reach the age of seven, children between the ages of three and six are devoted to play and do not need to be taught homework.When Spartan children reach the age of seven, they are concentrated in the "school" ("gathering place") (Plutarch's "Lyccagus Biography" 16).Children in Athens began to learn to count at the age of seven and received children's exercises.From the age of seven Persian children learn to ride from a jockey (Plato's Alcib i121E). 1336b, the teaching is all carried out in the family; this period is very easy to be infected, and any vulgar knowledge may lead to bad habits.Therefore, the first task of the legislators should be to eradicate all obscene language throughout the state.

If a man can speak evil words of any kind lightly, 5 he is not far from evil deeds.For children, we should be especially careful not to let them hear, let alone speak any bad words.Anyone who disregards all prohibitions and still commits obscene language and actions must be punished accordingly.Such offenders, if they are younger free people, have not been allowed to occupy a seat at the dining table. In Note 966 of the second edition of "Su School", it is believed that Greek youths after the age of 17 participate in public canteens specially set up for youth , After reaching the age of 21, they can participate in citizen dinners.There are seats for citizens' dinners, and each diner occupies a seat. There are two types of offenders who are over 21 years old and those under 21 years old. , to give other reprimands and corporal punishment; if you are old but still make vulgar words and deeds similar to slaves, you will be fined. 10
Improper language must be banned, and it is obvious that we should also put an end to obscene picture exhibitions and obscene theatrical performances.So the rulers have to check the sculptures and pictures all over the country, and don't let them depict any obscene images. 15 However, in some god-worshiping festivals, if the ancient etiquette franchise has crude programs Dionysius (Dionysus) festival, Dionysus (Saturday) festival and her daughter Ke Li (Kρη, queen of the underworld) festivals are all Popular singing and dancing entertainment shows that lose their posture.In the Dionysian festival, there are statues representing reproduction to display the ceremonial procession of the gods.This section of Aristotle goes beyond the scope of the chapter on education of children and deals with the education of youth. , should naturally be included as an exception to such a prohibition.We also note that on these festivals it is the traditional custom to allow grown men, to pray to the gods for themselves and for their wives and children, and to take part in these celebrations. 20. Before the young men can take part in the dinner table and pass the cup to the elders, the legislator needs to ask them not to listen to slang songs or comic plays.At this age, when they have received sufficient education, the ill effects of such performances are not to be feared.

Since these issues are involved here, let’s make some necessary brief explanations by the way; later, when we discuss whether the government should manage these matters,25 and what policies and regulations should be adopted for management, we still need to think more. Not re-elaborated after further discussion of the book. .The famous tragic character Odoro Theodoro is the famous tragic hero of Athens in the generation before Aristotle. His singing voice is natural and moving, which is unparalleled in the world. "Rhetoric" Volume 1404 Chapter 22 30b35, the voice of Seodoro is always the same as the expression of the characters he plays, but this is not the case for other actors.Never allowing any other actor - not even an insignificant one - to get on the stage before him, he said that "the audience (audience) always loves the song they first hear": this statement has a deep meaning.Regardless of whether we come into contact with people or things, the fact remains the same at [-]: usually the best impression is made on the first person or thing we come into contact with.Therefore, when a person is a child, he must be separated from all obscene things, and any performance that can arouse evil and malevolence should be guarded against, so as not to affect the ears and eyes.Having passed the first five years in safety,[-] the child is able to watch for the next two years, at the age of seven, the various studies and jobs that others are doing and that they will be doing in the future.

然后，我们进入了正规的集体教育这个阶段。这个阶段分为两个时期——七岁到发情是第一期（少年期），从发情到21岁是第二期（青年期）人类七岁换牙（《动物志》卷二501b2），14岁（男童）发情（同上书卷七章二）；21岁男子开始可以生殖（同上书卷七章一582a16—33）。亚里士多德重视这种“七”数分期，以此为教育分期的标准。。

Those ancient philosophies who use seven numbers as the record of life course are generally correct; however, when making the actual division of 40-related educational facilities, we have to carefully observe the state of nature and make fine-grained arrangements. Aristotle said that mathematicians try their best to Find the universally applicable mathematical theory in the evolution of the world and all things, as the basis for calculation; but the evolution of all things in nature may not absolutely obey this kind of mathematical law: for example, for the same human beings, the estrus period of a daughter is 14 years older than that of a boy (Greek custom called Twelve years old is the earliest for a daughter to start estrus); the same animals, people change their teeth at seven years old, and the group of animals has its own age for tooth change sooner or later.Therefore, in all practical work, we should carefully observe each situation and take measures accordingly, and don't believe in simple mathematical laws (see "Xing XIV, Chapter 1093, 12a30-1337"). . 199ɑThe purpose and function of education are the same as those of general art, but it is to imitate nature and embellish any loopholes in nature diligently. If things go on like this, we can consider the following three issues: first, whether certain regulations should be formulated for children (juveniles) education; Customs are handled by private individuals; third, the nature and content of these educational regulations should be.

(End of this chapter)