politics

Chapter 69 Volume (H) Seven (7)
Northwest of this boundary, until Tirinia, is still inhabited by the Orb people, also known as the Oxoni people in ancient times, and this old name is still used locally. Lucania.Aristotle called the Latin region Opica (Opica). See "Fragments" 1571 24a8.According to Antioch Fragments 183 (Müller's Fragments of Greek History, Vol. 167, 20), Compania was inhabited by the Orbs, who were called the Oxonians in ancient times.According to "Herodotus" i 6, Lugania was named Elea and was inhabited by the Onogirians and did not belong to the Orb area. ; to the northeast of it, towards Jebydia and the Ionian Gulf, 255 in the region called Silides, inhabited by the Jonis of the Onogirian race. What is said is consistent, and the fragment comes from page 164 of Strebo. .In this way, the banquet system originated in southern Italy.The other system, the class (grade) system, originated from the Egyptian "Herodotus" ii 165, saying that the Egyptians were divided into different "grades" (γνη) or translated as "class" or "ethnicity"); ii73 said that Egyptian warriors were not allowed to be craftsmen (it was not stated that farming was not allowed). "Theodorus" i 24 lists the grades of Egypt as monks, kings, warriors, shepherds, cultivators, and artisans.Plato's "Timaeus" [-]B mentioned that Egyptian warriors were different from shepherds, hunters, and cultivators.

Plutarch's "Biography of the Ancients of Lyca" 4, said that the ancients of Lyca had traveled to Egypt. According to the ancient Egyptian system, Sparta stipulated that soldiers and other classes should be separated.Isocrates' "Piceris" 17 talks about Sparta's class division and other systems that mostly imitate Egypt, but the second chapter of this book, Chapter 1271 22b3000, says that Sparta's legal system originated from Crete. : The king of Minos in Crete was obviously much later than the king of Sesustri in Egypt. The modern archaeologist Evans used the legendary name of King Minos to summarize the ancient culture of Crete. , 1200 centuries from 15 BC to 102 BC, if the flourishing period of Cretan ancient culture is taken as the birth time of King Minos, it would be around No.12 century BC.When Sesustri was the king of Egypt, according to "Herodotus" ii7 and other chapters, during the Trojan War (No.235 to the eighth century BC).According to Fragments of Dikaiago 2936 (Vol. 776 of Fragments of Greek History edited by Müller), Sesustri became king in Egypt after Orus and died in the Olympiad before 30.The Olympic Games began in 12 BC, and Sesustri should be an Egyptian pharaoh in the No. 2000 century BC, more than 1788 centuries earlier than the Minoan era.The modern Egyptian historian identified Sesustri as the last king of the No.[-] dynasty of Egypt, who was born between [-] and [-] BC. .

Just as these two systems were invented and circulated by people in different periods and regions, we can believe that the same is true of many other systems.In the course of history, human beings have many opportunities—in fact, it can be said that there are indefinite opportunities—to create various institutions again and again. Volume 25 Chapter 1264 1b5.Plato's "Laws" Volume 1074 10, in terms of the creation of political systems, has long had a similar argument: There are thousands of city-states in the world that have survived and died. , or prosperity or decline, or transmission or not, or some additions or reductions. .We have good reason to assume that "need" itself is the teacher of all kinds of urgent inventions. Human invention and creativity must first be manifested in urgent needs. This theory first appeared in Democritus (see BC First-century Epicurean scholar Philodemus, de Musica iv 270, edited by Kempke, p. 19).See Note 676b36 in Chapter 108 of Volume Eight. ; and human society, having acquired the foundations of daily life through these inventions, will naturally continue to strive to create more things to adorn life,1339 to make it perfect.This general principle, we believe, should apply equally to political systems as well as to other aspects.The history of Egypt generally testifies to the antiquity of all political institutions.

The world knows that the Egyptians are the oldest nation. See "Herodotus" ii 2, Plato's "Laws" ii656-657.In addition, Aristotle's "Meteorology" volume one chapter fourteen 352b19. ; From ancient times to the present, they have maintained their political system and legal system from generation to generation.Their history is enough to provide us with reference.We should learn from all the things or laws that the ancients have already tried and expressed in later generations,35 so as to search carefully for the various ends that the sages did not think of or implement, which can almost make up for their lack. -382) pointed out that the first half of this chapter 383a1329-b40 is not the original work of Aristotle, and may have been annotated in the manuscript of Politics used by the early wandering school.The commentator felt that the reason why the original text had to divide the ranks of soldiers and peasants was not sufficient, so he filled it in, indicating that this is a long-established system in old countries such as Egypt, and we can imitate it without any doubts. The note on page 35 of Buckle's English translation points out that this paragraph seems to be out of line with the context, especially the Italian human geography, but the thoughts and writing styles of the 306-25 lines are very similar to Aristotle.Aristotle believed that the establishment of systems or the invention of things, in each era and region, each nation "repeats"; two generations of two isolated nations can respectively create the same thing or system.Modern ethnologists often adopt the theory of "diffusion"; a new thing or a new system was only created by a certain nation in a certain era, and then spread to other places and became popular in later generations. .

前文已经提到，在我们的理想（模范）城邦中，土地应当归属于执兵器保卫国境并参与政治的人们（阶级）。为什么耕作者非得有别于此类人（阶级）也已做过阐释。有关国境的大小与土壤的性质也已叙述了上章1329a34—39和此节1329b36—39都是上文的总结。倘若肯定本章上半是伪造，那么这两个结语应删一个；《苏校》主删b36—39行，而《纽校》说应删a34—39行。。40我们现在就进一步研究土地的分配，并论证农业要如何安排以及农民阶级是何种性质。

Land distribution should pay attention to two aspects of the problem: first, the land 1330ɑ cannot be taken into public ownership as some writers insist, although this is the same as the property among friends, whether it is exchanged for public use or not, see Volume 1263 Chapter 26 37a5 —[-]. .Second, all citizens must earn a living and have enough food and clothing.It is generally believed that the city-states that manage Xiuming benefit from the establishment of public dining halls (meeting system). Below we will explain the reasons why we agree with this system. Setting up public dining halls can be used as an example of property sharing, so it is mentioned here, but There is no chapter in the context of this book detailing the benefits of banquets. .Every citizen should have the right to participate in the meal; [-] but the poor have to support their families and often cannot pay for the meal, so some people think that the public canteen should be run with public funds.The cost of public sacrifices (religious ceremonies) should also be paid from the revenue of the city-state or donations from the public.

Through these considerations, we propose that the entire territory of the city-state should be divided into two parts, 10 one part is public property, and the other part is private property, which belongs to each citizen.Each of the two parts must be further divided into two parts.In addition to one part of the public property for the expenses of the public canteen, the other part is for sacrifices (religion).However, one portion of privately owned land should be allocated in the frontier and the other in the suburbs—each citizen should receive a portion of land in each of the two places. In this way, no matter whether they are near or far away, everyone’s interests are consistent.This measure was criticized in Plato's "Laws" (v15) in Chapter 1265, 22b34-745 of this measure.Seven volumes and eight volumes of this book are based on "Laws", and there are many other measures, see Buckle's "Greek Political Theory" (GrPolitical Theory) pp. 380-382.It can not only meet the requirements of justice and equality, but also when encountering enemies and border police, the citizens of the whole state will be able to unite more united.

If this arrangement is not made, some citizens whose property is far from the frontier will ignore the provocations of their neighbors, while other citizens whose property is just on the frontier will often be too wary and even compromise the dignity of the country. The damage in the war was more severe, and the example can be seen in the second Messinian War, Eira (Eira), the border area between Rageni and Messinia ("Pausanias" iv 181).In the Corinthian War, the frontiers between Corinth and Sikiton were completely abandoned (393-392 BC) (Glotte's "History of Greece" Vol. 455, 431).At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, the Allied forces of Athens, the Acharnians (Acharnians) were particularly ravaged because most of the battles were carried out in their territory, and they supported a quick attack (21 BC) ("Thucydides" ii 20) It can be used as evidence that the emotions and ideas of the residents of the border area are different from those far away from the border area (see Note to "Congreve School Book"). . [-] Therefore, some city-states have formulated special laws to review border affairs or disputes between their own state and neighboring states, and prohibit citizens from participating in border areas.They believe that because of their own interests, citizens of the border regions may express wrong opinions and affect the public's judgment on (border affairs) war issues.

This is exactly what we propose for land distribution, as described above.As for the people (classes) who cultivate these lands, if we are allowed to choose freely according to ideals, then slaves are the most suitable, but slaves cannot be obtained exclusively from one caste. . , nor can it be recruited from castes with strong temperaments (with free spirits).Such careful selection can secure a supply of labor that avoids the danger of riots (revolts).If the slaves cannot be obtained as desired, and the consideration depends on the next available grade, then the serfs of non-Greek caste (Beliot) are considered to be serfs of non-Greek caste. The Mariandi (Mαριανδινο) serfs in the country can also serve as examples of non-Greek caste serfs.Serfs are "half-slaves", which are different from slaves, see Notes 25a777 and 806b1264 in Volume II.It is better, 36 It should be noted here, do not use the caste with strong temperament.All the hands of the plowing are used for private use, all belong to the owners of the various properties; all those used for plowing the common land belong to the city-state.What kind of treatment should be given to slaves who serve in agriculture, and why slaves who have served meritorious service should be given freedom as a reward? We will analyze these issues later in the article.See "Economy" volume one chapter five 1269b5. .

Chapter Eleven
35 As mentioned above, the cities of our state should be built as the center connecting the land and the sea as far as possible according to the environment, that is, the center of the whole territory.Taking the interior design of the city itself as an example, our aim should be devoted to four main points.First and foremost, health (hygiene) should be taken into account.Those with sunny eastward slopes in the city are often blown by the easterly wind, which is most beneficial to health; secondly, if there is a shield in the north (its southward slope) can resist the northerly wind, 40b is suitable for winter.The other two points that should be noted are that cities are arranged to facilitate political and military activities.As far as military activities are concerned, it should be convenient for residents to go out, but it is more difficult for the enemy to invade or besiege.

If possible, let the city have streams and enough well water to supply water sources. If the situation is not completely satisfactory, you should adopt the method of casting large cisterns in modern times. Many dry ancient Greek cities, such as the island area of ​​​​Tyre ( Maspero's "Ancient History of the Eastern Peoples" [Maspero, Hist, Ancienne des Peuples de Lorient] page 192), Alexandria (Poole's "Egyptian Cities" [Stuart Poole, Cities of Egypt] page 181), Cnidu City ( "Greek and Roman Geographical Dictionary" "Cnidu" article), etc., built more pools or tanks to store rainwater.Dalmatia (Dalmatia) and the islands have no streams or springs, and the residents use the rainwater they store all year round for use (Jackson's "Dalmatia" [TG Jackson, Dalm, I] p. 241).In the urban area of ​​Athens, only one of the four springs can be drunk; while the Guoduoqing River is attached. When Aristotle was young, there was a water tank in Athens, and the stream water was introduced into the city from outside the city.The island of Thermos also has long-distance water diversion buildings (see "Herodotus" iii60).In this section Aristotle only talks about the pool, not the water diversion equipment, because the tank is easily cut off by the enemy.The ancient Greeks were very careful about drinking and using water for the public.

When modern archaeologists excavated the site of a Greek city in the Hellenistic era, they unearthed eleven parallel metal water pipes from one neighborhood (Breasted, Ancient Times, Chapter 21) . , 5 to store rainwater, with this kind of huge capacity reservoir, even if the city is besieged for a long time and the whole city is isolated from the surrounding suburbs for a long time, the citizens will not suffer from thirst.In order to ensure the health of the residents, not only should we be cautious about the weather, but also choose a "residence (location)" that is superior to health preservation, get enough air and sunshine, and supply good drinking water.This is something that needs to be taken very seriously.

(End of this chapter)