cosmic hegemony

Chapter 204, Mars

In the void of the solar system, a huge planet is constantly moving around the sun like the long years in the past, but unlike most planets in the solar system, the direction of this planet's autobiography turns out to be from east to west. Contrary to the Earth, on Mars, the sun rises from the west and sets from the east.

Mars is slowly advancing along its own orbit, and the "Ocean" spacecraft is getting closer and closer to Mars. There are still about 2 days away from Mars, and the reverse deceleration plasma engine on the spacecraft starts to work. The speed began to decrease continuously, in order to be captured by the gravity of Mars.

"Didi~~" Although there is still a day's journey away from Mars, the scientists led by Li Fu have already started full-scale work, all the instruments are turned on, and all the data about Mars will be available soon.

When on Earth, scientists can measure distant celestial bodies with various instruments such as astronomical telescopes, and the data is very accurate. The scientists of Fuyun Group are so close to Mars, so naturally there is no problem at all. And more accurate data can be obtained.

Mars, with a mass of 6.4219×10kg, is about 1/10 that of the earth and 9 times that of the moon (this place can also reflect the importance of the moon to human beings, and the nearest planet to you is only 9 times heavier than the moon), The diameter is half that of the earth, the volume is only 15% of the earth, and the surface area is only as large as the earth's land area.

The surface gravity is about 2.5 times that of the moon and 2/5 of that of the earth, which means that an ant weighing 2 catties can be lifted on the earth, and an object weighing 5 catties can be lifted on Mars (er, ants can lift such a heavy object Something? Author Bacteria).

The autobiographical period is 24.6229 hours, and that of the earth is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 3 seconds, which means that a day of Mars is 24 hours and more than half an hour; the revolution period is 687 days, and the revolution period of the earth is 365.24219 days, which means that Mars takes one year The time is 687 days, people on earth will spend almost two years, and people on Mars will be in their early years.

Compared with the earth, which has only one younger brother—the moon, Mars has two satellites, Phobos and Deimos, but the quality of the younger brother is not at the same level at all. There are so many satellites on Mars that they can only be regarded as large meteorites. The shape is still very irregular, not even a ball, really not even a ball, the mass of the two satellites is not enough to form enough gravitational force to shape its own image, it is completely different from our moon grade.

The orbit of Mars is elliptical, so the temperature difference between perihelion and aphelion is nearly 160 degrees Celsius where the sun shines, which has a huge impact on the climate of Mars.

The average temperature on Mars is about minus 63 degrees, but it has a huge temperature difference from minus 133 degrees in winter to nearly 27 degrees in summer.That is to say, most of the time here is colder than the coldest north and south poles on the earth. The coldest time even reaches minus 133 degrees, and the hottest time is only 27 degrees. The temperature difference varies greatly. Even Mr. Penguin said that he would be killed Frozen, let alone humans, it's too cold here, let's go back to Earth.

The density of the atmosphere on Mars is only about 1% of that of the earth. It is very dry and the temperature is low. The average surface temperature is minus 55°C. Water and carbon dioxide are easy to freeze. The main components of the atmosphere are carbon dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%), argon Gas (1.6%) and trace amounts of oxygen (0.15%) and water vapor (0.03%).

The earth's atmosphere is mainly composed of nitrogen, accounting for 78.1%; oxygen accounting for 20.9%; argon accounting for 0.93%; and a small amount of carbon dioxide, rare gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon) and water vapor.

In comparison, we found that the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Mars is too high, and the oxygen content is almost negligible. The difference in rare gases is not much different. It is not suitable for the survival of people on earth at all. The atmosphere is small and the oxygen content is too low!
……

"Can this place really be transformed into a place suitable for human habitation? It is simply impossible!" Faced with such harsh conditions, even the almighty scientists shook their heads, the difficulty is too great!

"It's only interesting when it's difficult. We scientists are trying to accomplish the impossible!" Li Fu saw other scientists shaking their heads, and quickly cheered everyone up.

"Li Fu, everything else about Mars is easy to talk about. I think the atmosphere and water are the biggest test. The temperature is low. We test to increase the light and increase the temperature by setting up reflectors in space, but the water and atmosphere..."

Li Fu's teacher Liu Yi couldn't help shaking his head as he looked at the data of Mars.

"Don't worry, let's take a look at the north and south poles of Mars. The reflectivity here is very high. Maybe there is solid carbon dioxide here, as Uncle Sam's scientists estimated. Maybe there will be water in its deep layers. Moreover, if you look at the traces left by those ancient lakes and rivers on Mars, I think there is a real possibility that there is water on Mars!" Compared to other people, Li Fu seemed more confident.

"The temperature is so low, even if there is liquid, it is not necessarily water!" Liu Shiying also shook her head, expressing her objection to Li Fu's optimism. Scientists are like this. I don't care who you are, as long as you can't convince me, If you can't come up with real evidence, I dare to oppose you.

"Whether there is water or not, we will know tomorrow, when we go directly to Mars to get some samples and come back!" Li Fu talked and smiled.

As it gets closer to Mars, the data obtained by scientists is constantly being corrected. The red Mars is slowly enlarged. Because of the thin atmosphere, the surface of Mars can be clearly observed from the space of Mars. The whole planet is red and yellow.

Mars is basically a desert planet, with sand dunes and gravel all over the surface. The geological activity of Mars is relatively inactive. Most of the surface landforms were formed in the more active period in ancient times. There are dense craters, volcanoes and canyons, including the highest mountain in the solar system—— Mount Olympus and the largest canyon - Mariner's Canyon.

Another unique topographical feature is the stark difference between the northern and southern hemispheres, with ancient, cratered highlands in the south and younger plains in the north.

At the same time, as seen before, there is a thick layer of polar caps on the north and south poles of Mars. As for the composition, scientists have completely determined that it is dry ice and water!

"Water really exists on Mars!" After being confirmed, many scientists, including Liu Yi, were ecstatic. The question that has been puzzling earth scientists for hundreds of years finally got an accurate answer.

We must know that since the last century, when human eyes shifted from the earth to the interstellar universe, Mars has always been a planet that is suitable for future immigration in the future imagined by human beings, and the debate on whether there is water on Mars has always troubled people on the earth. Scientists, countries such as Uncle Sam and the big polar bear have even sent many probes to Mars.

However, due to technical and long-distance issues, the question of whether there is water on Mars has not been accurately answered.

Now, scientists who have reached the orbit of Mars can finally confirm that the polar caps covered by the north and south poles of Mars really contain water, and the water content should not be small.

"There is really water!" Li Fu, who also got the accurate information, also showed a smile on his face. For the transformation of the planet for immigration, the real most urgent need is water!As long as there is water, other conditions can be improved by using scientific means, but if there is no water, everything is useless!
It is impossible for you to transport water from the earth. You must know that even with the huge size of the "Ocean", it cannot transport much water at a time, and this amount of water is even more insignificant for a planet.

"If all these ices on Mars are melted, the density of the current Martian atmosphere can be increased by 20 times, which is 20% of the density of the Earth's atmosphere. At the same time, about 1 cubic kilometers of water can be obtained, which is only 1 of the fresh water resources of the Earth. /35, 1/130000 of the earth's water resources!"

Li Quanjiang frowned and calculated the water resources on Mars. There is water on Mars, but the water is too little!Only 1/35 of the earth's fresh water resources, 13/[-] of the earth's water resources, too little!

With such a small amount of water resources, except for all kinds of unusable and dissipated into the air, there will be less water that can be used by humans by then!
There is water in the water, but the amount is too small, which makes the scientists who have just been happy for a long time shake their heads again!
However, the density of the atmosphere can be increased by 20 times. This is very good. You must know that the ice here is basically composed of dry ice and water. After melting them, carbon dioxide can rise into the atmosphere and increase the density of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is also a greenhouse. Gas, which is very helpful for raising the temperature of Mars.

"Li Fu, there is too little water here, and there is not enough mud. The carbon dioxide content of the polar caps at the north and south poles of Mars is too high, and the water content is too little." Liu Shiying said with a helpless smile. It means that after the water evaporates, it falls on Mars in the form of precipitation.

"Things have to be looked at from two sides. There is water on Mars. Maybe there will be liquid water under the thick Mars north and south ice caps, and maybe primitive life will be found by then."

Compared with the disappointment of others, Liu Yi is very happy. Although the water content of Mars is small, there is still water after all. If there is water, there may be life. This is very useful for his research on the origin of life and extraterrestrial life. help.

"Unless there is still a lot of water underground on Mars, the amount of water found on Mars alone is not enough to transform Mars into a planet suitable for human habitation!" Liu Shiying shook her head, still obsessed with whether Mars can be transformed into humans new cradle.

"If Mars is to be transformed into a planet suitable for human habitation, the water resources needed must at least cover the plains of the northern hemisphere of Mars, and the water resources needed are at least 30 times that of the present, that is to say, all the fresh water on the earth It's enough to move here."

"Don't worry, there will be bread, there will be houses, and there will be water." Li Fu said firmly. A large amount of water has been found on Mars. Scientists estimate that Jupiter's satellites contain a large amount of water resources. Most of the things will not go wrong.

Water resources widely exist in the universe, and some studies believe that the water resources contained in Europa on Jupiter's satellite are several times more than the water resources on the entire earth.

PS: Ask for tickets, all kinds of requests!

(End of this chapter)