In the Southern Song Dynasty, I competed with Mongolia for the world

Chapter 379: Hundreds of Years of Accumulation

Of course, as an emperor, Zhao Yurui would not put himself in danger. He immediately asked people to bring in sandbags from outside the wall directly to form a sandbag wall in the factory.

Most of the craftsmen and officials were important talents and went behind the wall to watch and keep their distance.

They also asked for a batch of helmets from the defenders for everyone to wear.

Everyone stood in the factory in fear, not expecting to see such an exaggerated cracking.

But the emperor is also there, so everyone can only bite the bullet and accompany the emperor.

The advantage of this regenerative cracking furnace is that it has a simple structure and is not easy to coke and block. It can also be built in ancient times. The disadvantage is that it consumes a lot of raw materials and high energy consumption. Fortunately, after Zhao Yurui refines oil now, a lot of gas cannot be used. In the past, it was directly Combustion can now be fully utilized, and there is no so-called high energy consumption.

It had been burning for about half an hour when someone suddenly shouted: "Drum, drum, drum."

Everyone looked around and saw that the big sheepskin bag began to bulge, which proved that ethylene had been injected into it.

Even though this step is a bit easy today, it is still quite difficult at the beginning because different substances are produced with different boiling points.

When the distillation point is different, ethylene will not be produced and may become hydrocarbons or other substances such as propylene and alkanes.

This was all determined by Asil after countless experiments.

"Ba Ba Ba Ba" Zhao Yurui clapped his hands excitedly at this time: "Okay, okay, okay, good, good, good."

Everyone didn't know why the emperor was applauding, but the next moment everyone applauded with him.

When the emperor is happy, everyone is naturally happy too.

But no one, including Asil, knew what the emperor wanted this vinyl for?
Zhao Yurui announced rewards on the spot to relevant craftsmen, Asil and some officials, and at the same time suspended the manufacturing of ethylene because it cannot be stored now and is useless.

He only needs to know that Da Song is now cracking ethylene.

After a while, Zhao Yurui sent away most of the officials and craftsmen, leaving Aisil and a few others behind.

He took Asil and the others into an office building.

Zhao Yurui picked up the pen, and every time he said something, a translator would say something to Asil.

Aixir's Chinese can be understood in a simple way, but what Zhao Yurui said is too complicated, so Aixir still has to rely on a translator.

"Next we are going to study free radical initiators, which are compounds of synthetic rubber."

"The first step is to find a suitable compound and react it with 3-dihydro-4H-pyran to obtain the next compound."

The translator was a nephew of Pu Heli. After seeing what the emperor wrote, he was also confused and had no idea how to translate it.

Zhao Yurui had no choice but to circle the '3-dihydro-4H-pyran' with a red pen.

"The thing in the red pen circle can be obtained by dehydrating it with tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol."

"And this tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol can be produced by hydrogenating furfural."

"Furfural can be extracted from various agricultural and sideline products, including corn cobs, oat and wheat bran and sawdust."

As for the methods of obtaining hydrogen, there were many methods in ancient times, including the fact that they can now refine oil to obtain natural gas that can be converted, or through metals and acids, or through biological fermentation.

According to Zhao Yurui's idea, it is to reverse the process, first prepare furfural and hydrogen, then use furfural and hydrogen to synthesize tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, then dehydrate tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol to obtain 3-dihydro-4H-pyran, and finally use 2 -Dihydro-3H-pyran and the first compound yield the second compound.

The most difficult one is the first compound, which even Zhao and Rui don't know, but part of it can be obtained from petroleum, and other experiments can also be used. This requires a long period of exploration.

For example, methane, propylene, butylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, etc. require multiple tests to finally obtain the second compound.

But it’s easy to say that. Zhao Yurui feels that this experience may take several years or even more than ten years.

Of course, if there are different chemical reactions, it is possible for them to invent and create new chemical products.

It's a pity that the chemical foundation of this era is almost zero, and his own knowledge only stops there, which requires time to accumulate.

After coming to Song Dynasty for so many years, he recalled the high school and college knowledge from his previous life every day, hoping to help.

At present, the second compound is already a bit difficult, and he still has to think hard.

He first left the rest to craftsmen like Aisil. It didn't matter whether he could succeed or not, at least he had obtained the vinyl.

The focus later was on the development of steam engines.

Next, he and Aisil and others explained the principle of the steam engine. With the steam ball that everyone had seen before, everyone understood how steam pressure was generated.

He drew pictures and explained them at the same time.

"This is a steam boiler. It's relatively simple. It's just a sealed furnace."

"This is the cylinder, this is the piston, this is the crank connecting rod, we count this as the valve (slide valve steam distribution structure), this is for speed regulation (speed regulating mechanism), I probably only think of these parts, you guys do it first It’s a wooden one, push it with human power, see what’s missing, and then make up for it—”

"I will think about it later and see if there is anything else."

"It's probably that steam enters here and can push the piston and perform piston motion."

The cylinder is the core of the steam engine and is used to convert the thermal energy of the steam into mechanical energy. The piston is the movable part in the cylinder and is used to convert the steam pressure into the force of reciprocating motion. The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft, and the crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion into rotational motion.

After Zhao Yurui explained this, everyone naturally understood the principle of the steam engine when they thought about the steam ball they just saw.

"Two of you will work in groups, and one group will try to synthesize the compound I need."

"One group works on a steam engine."

"What do you think you want to do? As long as you succeed, in addition to rich rewards, I will also grant you titles and titles, and your descendants will inherit them."

There were two groups of people at the scene, headed by Aisil and Tang Zheng. There were two Persians and three Song people on Aisil's side, and all of them were Song people on Tang Zheng's side.

Aisil had been engaged in oil before, and Tang was engaged in steam ball.

But the two often work together and learn from each other.

Now the emperor lets them choose.

Aisil and Tang looked at each other squarely, and Aisil said: "I still work on His Majesty's compound."

Tang Zheng also said: "I still want to build a steam engine."

Tang Zheng is the son of Tang Bo, the assistant minister of the Firearms Bureau. He is less than 20 years old this year. He is quite young, but he is very good at learning. Tang Bo has been studying with his father in the Firearms Bureau since nine years ago when he followed Zhao Yurui. Very smart young man.

"Okay, then I'm waiting for your good news, so you don't have to be stressed. I have plenty of time. One year is not enough, three years is not enough, three years is not enough, five years is not enough, five years is not enough, ten years is not enough. Even if my generation is not finished, it still can't be finished. There can be a next generation.”

"The development of chemistry and the development of steam engines took hundreds or even hundreds of years of accumulation to be slowly perfected."

"You guys come step by step. If you don't understand anything, feel free to ask me. If I know, I will definitely tell you."

"Asil, when you work on compounds, you must learn chemical knowledge and deal with chemical substances more--"

Asil himself has dealt with oil before, and can also split oil. He is also somewhat studious and talented in this area.

Zhao Yurui thought about it for a while, he was the only one who took action in this matter, and no one else was of use.

At present, Aisil and his group are asked to come to the palace every two days, and Zhao Yurui personally teaches them some simple chemistry knowledge.

As soon as they said they were going to do it, Aisil and his group all arrived at the Chui Gong Hall of the Imperial Palace that afternoon.

When Aisil and others sat down carefully, a few more people suddenly came in from outside.

Aisil didn't recognize him yet, but another Han craftsman stood up immediately: "Greetings to Your Highness."

It was the seven-year-old prince Zhao Qi and his entourage.

Little Zhao Qi was very polite. After coming in, he first paid homage to his father, then said hello to everyone, and then sat on the edge.

Only then did everyone realize that Prince Zhao Qi was often taught by Zhao Yurui himself.

Zhao Qi had almost no study before he was six years old. He started studying formally this year, mainly focusing on literacy, and then learned an Analects of Confucius. He only needed to read the rest of the Confucian classics, not learn them.

Mathematics, physics, and chemistry are all taught by Zhao Yurui himself.

Of course, what Zhao Yurui taught was quite elementary. After all, his son did not need to take the college entrance examination or the imperial examination.

He needs Zhao Qi to know that there are many disciplines in the world, each with different functions.

The other two sons, one is Zhao Fu, who is only three years old, and the other is Zhao Zhan, who was just born last year. They are both still young and cannot study.

The emperor only had three sons, and they were all so young. The ministers were actually very worried, but Zhao Yurui always used youth as an excuse. After all, he was really only in his 20s, so there was no need to worry.

After Zhao Qi arrived, Zhao Yurui began to teach. If Asil didn't understand, a translator would explain on the spot. The class was a bit slow, but someone was taking notes and recording Zhao Yurui's class. It just fits this rhythm.

Xiao Zhao Qi seemed to listen very seriously at first. Zhao Yurui only taught him mathematics before, but not physics or chemistry.

This was the first chemistry class. Zhao Yurui did not ask him to understand it, but just asked him to listen and feel the learning atmosphere.

But it was obvious that Xiao Zhao Qi didn't understand. After listening for a while, his eyes started to fall asleep. After a while, he slowly lowered his head and fell asleep.

Asil and others were stunned, Zhao Yurui ignored his son and continued to lecture.

There were several attendants standing behind Xiao Zhao Qi, including eunuchs and palace maids. The eunuch was extremely anxious at this moment and did not dare to call Zhao Qi. He stared at Zhao Qi with his eyes fixed on him and his expression was extremely nervous.

Zhao Qi was not born to the Queen. Queen Xie's son Zhao Yu was also three years old. Little Zhao Qi did not perform well in class, so they were obviously very worried.

Of course Zhao Yurui is not angry. According to his plan, his children can learn literacy, mathematics, history, and English at the age of six.

Among them, literacy was taught by the great Confucian scholars in the imperial court, including a few Confucian classics such as The Analects of Confucius. History was also taught by the great Confucian scholars in the imperial court. However, he had to personally read and delete the curriculum every time, while mathematics was taught by He taught it himself.

After the age of 11, you can start studying physics and chemistry.

So now that little Zhao Qi is only six years old, he will definitely not understand or listen. Zhao Yurui doesn't mind.

Zhao Yurui lectured for two quarters of an hour and ended the day's course. For him, elementary chemistry was not much, because in this era, too much was said and others could not absorb it.

His purpose is to let students know the concepts of chemistry, know what compounds are, and what things can be synthesized or obtained through reactions in this era.

No matter how deep it is, he has to find the chemistry book from his previous life to use it.So it is estimated that there will be no lectures in less than ten lectures.

After Asil and others left, Xiao Zhao Qi was still sleeping on the table.

Zhao Yurui stood up and looked at the eunuch Dong Songchen.

Dong Songchen, however, plopped down and knelt down directly: "Damn it, damn it, damn it, your majesty, please calm down--" He spoke in a louder voice, probably hoping to wake up little Zhao Qi.

"When did Zhao Qi sleep last night?" Zhao Yurui asked at this time.

Dong Songchen thought for a moment, then said bravely: "It's an ugly moment." It was almost one o'clock in the night.

As expected, Zhao Yurui looked a little unhappy: "Why do you go to bed so late?"

The time he set for Zhao Qi should not be later than nine o'clock in the evening.

There was no entertainment in ancient times, and there were no mobile phones or anything. Zhao Qi could usually go to bed before nine o'clock.

But I obviously slept late last night.

Dong Songchen had to say that he and Zhao Qi played chess last night, and they played backgammon.

Zhao and Rui taught their sons backgammon, and the two fathers and sons often played.

When Zhao Yurui was not free, Zhao Qi took Dong Songchen to play with him.

The two of them played like crazy last night and kept fighting until after one o'clock before Zhao Qi agreed to sleep.

But around seven o'clock the next day, I was called up to study. I must have been sleepy.

Zhao Yurui remained calm and said calmly: "From now on, if Zhao Qi goes to bed after nine o'clock, he will report to me no matter what the reason is."

"If you continue to play chess with him for more than nine o'clock, I will kill you."

"I understand, I understand." Dong Songchen was sweating profusely and nodded desperately.

"I am not someone who wants to kill."

"Dong Songchen, you know me."

"But Zhao Qi is still young, lacks self-discipline, and is very playful. As servants, your task is not to play with him, but to guide him to do what he should do."

"As Zhao Qi's close servants, if he does anything immoral or disrespectful in the future, you will all be responsible, because you spend more time with him than I and his mother spend."

"I will never forgive you then."

"I understand, I understand." Dong Songchen almost cried.

"Get up. At present, Zhao Qi is still good. He has an upright character and is just a little playful. You must guide him well."

Dong Songchen stood up crying.

Zhao Yurui chatted with him for a few more words, which probably meant Dong Songchen, please do a good job and stop trying to flatter him.

Dong Songchen's family was poor, and he had a good relationship with Hu Song in the past. He was one of the first people in the palace to seek refuge with Zhao Yurui.

There is also a mother in his family who is in poor health. In the past, she could not even take care of her illness. After Zhao Yurui came to power, the family members of the palace servants could go to the imperial doctor's office to see a doctor, which solved the problem of medical treatment for everyone.

This matter was difficult to handle in the Ming Dynasty, because it was said that there were tens of thousands of eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty, and countless maids.

The total number of eunuchs and maids in the Southern Song Dynasty did not exceed five hundred. Zhao Yurui's imperial medical resources could relieve everyone's pressure.

Dong Songchen was historically a confidant of Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty, and was posthumously granted the title of Jiedushi after his death.

This guy is very good at flattering, so he has a very good relationship with Xiao Zhao Qi.

Zhao Yurui gave him a good warning today. If you mislead my son again, what do you think I will do to you?

Of course, after the warning, someone gave his mother a Korean ginseng root to nourish her body. Dong Songchen was so grateful that he cried and laughed.

Little Zhao Qi was just woken up here when Quan Yong's voice came from outside.

"Your Majesty, it's time for Prince Qi to learn how to ride a horse."

Xiao Zhao Qi's face fell. He had just woken up and was going to learn to ride a horse again?

But of course he didn't dare to hum and quickly followed Quan Yong out.

After Zhao and Rui went to court the next day, they summoned the cabinet members to the main hall behind to discuss matters.

It has been nearly a year since the Song Dynasty fully occupied the territory of the Central Plains of the Kingdom of Jin. It has gradually digested various resources such as population and land, and it is time to conclude.During the seventh year of Jin Zhangzong's Taihe reign (1207), the Kingdom of Jin had more than 800 million households in the country, with a population of about 5000 million, with an average of six people per household.

This is where the demographic statistics of the Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty are different. It seems that all sizes are included. The emperors of the Jin Dynasty conducted a total of four censuses, and each time the average household reached six people.

Starting from the seventh year of Taihe, the population began to decline due to years of war.

Later, Mongolia captured most of Hebei and Shanxi and other places. Currently, Shaanxi, the Central Plains and Shandong are all in the hands of the Song Dynasty.

After Zhao and Rui fully digested it this year, in addition to the original Shandong, there were more than 330 million households and about 500 million people. (Mainly because when the Mongols conquered the Jin Dynasty, many people were massacred by the Mongols)
This means that the Shanxi and Hebei areas occupied by Mongolia on the other side are estimated to have a similar population, more than 1000 million.

The total area of ​​arable grain fields recovered from the Jin Kingdom was more than 8000 million acres, with Henan occupying most of it.

This is already relatively small. Later in the Ming Dynasty, Henan alone had 1.4 million acres of cultivated land.

Du Fan, the Minister of Household Affairs, said: "There are still a lot of fields waiting to be cultivated." In other words, there is still a lot of land that can be turned into farmland, mainly at the junction of Mongolia and Song Dynasty, which is not easy to farm now.

In the past, these areas were at the junction of Meng and Jin. No one on either side dared to farm. Whoever farmed would have to send troops when it was time to harvest grain.

The Mongolian and Song Dynasties were located along the Yellow River in the Central Plains, and the junction of the north and south banks stretched for thousands of miles, so a large amount of farmland was abandoned.

"Affected by the floods in the Yellow River, many grain fields were also submerged——"

There are also some things that have happened in history, that is, the Yellow River channel has been in disrepair for a long time. During the Mongolian, Jin, and Song Dynasties, several countries fought back and forth. They had time to repair the Yellow River water channel, so the Yellow River floods caused disasters and had a great impact on the Yellow River. Grain fields along the route took its toll.

Du Fan finally said that if it were all done, hundreds of millions of acres would definitely be no problem.

After hearing this, Zhao Yurui calculated silently. After conquering the Jin Kingdom, he obtained more than 8000 acres of land and collected more than 300 million households. If each household was divided into fields on average, it would be about [-] acres per household.

The grain fields were definitely not enough, and it was impossible to divide them evenly. Zhao Yurui still mainly distributed them to officers and soldiers in the Central Plains, and rented them to the people.

Let the people rent instead of sell, and after ten or ten years of renting, they have the right to purchase, so that the people can feel at ease and take root in the local area.

There is another kind of common people who can get allotment of land, that is, giving birth, serving as soldiers or immigrating.

At present, he is encouraging the population to have children. The more children there are, the more fields will be divided and the less taxes will be collected. At the same time, he is increasing immigration to the northeast and northwest areas.

Now Ningxia (Xixia) needs immigrants, and the area near Changchun City (Haisanwei) needs immigrants.

The population demand in these places is still quite large, especially in the Changchun City area, which will definitely be filled with a large number of Han immigrants to permanently occupy Haisanwei.

When there was no war in the Central Plains, the population grew rapidly, so Zhao and Rui prioritized moving the population in the Central Plains and coastal areas to the northeast and northwest.

"How much tax revenue can Shaanxi and Henan have now?" Zhao Yurui asked at this time.

Shaanxi is still in a state of ruin and waiting to be revitalized. The Mongols there are still fighting with the Song Army to decide on the division of negotiations. The Song Army does not dare to plant a large amount of farmland in Shaanxi.

But Henan has been able to complete tax collection.

Du Fandao said that last year the total taxes and grains from Central Plains and Shaanxi amounted to about 400 million shi in the spring and autumn. (The rest of the silk fabrics and other items will be converted into grain).

In addition, according to Zhao and Rui's new tax law, those with grain fields exceeding several hundred acres must pay taxes on cattle and sheep. This kind of tax is a blow to large landowners. This is not only the case in the Central Plains, but also throughout the Song Dynasty, so thousands of dollars were collected. of cattle and sheep.

When the ministers heard that there were only a few thousand cattle and sheep, they realized that there were not many big landowners left.

The current cattle and sheep tax in the Song Dynasty can most directly reflect the number of large landowners.

The fewer cattle and sheep the imperial court collected, it proved that there were fewer big landowners.

In the Song Dynasty, most of them were Zhao Yurui's confidant generals. The important ministers had a lot of land at home. There was no other way. Many of them were awarded by the emperor, and they had to pay cattle and sheep taxes every year.

There were also some local landlords. In the entire Song Dynasty, including the newly occupied Jin Kingdom, less than [-] cattle and about [-] sheep were taxed every year.

The collected cattle will be redistributed by the local government to the households of some people who lack cattle, and some grains will be charged as fees.

The sheep were sold by the local government and put into the national treasury.

"More than 8000 acres of land, only more than 400 dan?" Yang Changru, the Minister of Rites, felt that it was a bit small.

There are indeed fewer.

The income per mu is 2000 yuan, and the tax per mu is [-]%, which means that there must be more than [-] million shi.

However, it had only been about a year since the Jin Kingdom was pacified, and the imperial court had also gone through inspections and distributions. The big landowners were confiscated, and they were distributed to local garrison sergeants and rented to the people. Most of the tax rates were not high, so the revenue collected was small, and some outputs were not necessarily guaranteed. It can reach two stones.

"How much is left in the imperial court's hands?" Zhao Yurui asked at this time.

Du Fan said: "More than 3000 million acres."

The court's land was mainly allocated to the sergeants and then leased to the people. What was allocated was not counted as belonging to the court, but what was rented to the people was counted.

"According to His Majesty's decree, in the Central Plains and Shaanxi areas, only if someone in the family is serving in the military, is willing to immigrate, and has a certain number of children, will the court allocate land."

Not all of these more than 3000 million acres were leased to the people. The imperial court still reserved some of it and distributed it slowly. It liked childbirth and immigration, so there was actually a lot of idle land. Last year, there were still about 1000 million acres. Later, the imperial court decided to let the garrison Gather them first to save them from being idle.

"What's the effect?" Zhao Yurui asked again.

"The people who rent government land are very willing to live. As long as there is no war in the Central Plains, the population will definitely grow in the future." Du Fan was full of confidence.

The original people of the Jin Kingdom had no land, and it was all in the hands of the landlords. After Zhao and Rui conquered the Jin Kingdom, they rented government land for them to cultivate, and the taxes collected were low. As long as they had more children, they could still get land parcels. Become completely theirs.

Therefore, local people are now quite willing to give birth.

"It's a good thing to be willing to give birth, but the court must support and help the people to ensure the survival rate." Zhao Yurui is very worried about the survival rate of the deceased infants.

(End of this chapter)