Hongwu Survival Guide

Chapter 272 Sublimation
Such an allergy case can be regarded as a warning. After chatting for a few words, Zhu Yuan decided that he should write an article in the next issue of "Daming Monthly" to talk about this incident.

Let Dai Sanchun write it.

Penicillium therapy had already spread in Mingzhou, and it was impossible for Zhu Yuan to prevent people from using it indiscriminately, so he could only guide everyone to use it as correctly as possible.

Dai Sanchun also agreed.

However, this is not the main reason why Dai Sanchun stopped Zhu Yuan from coming here.

After talking about the allergies, Dai Sanchun helped Zhu Yuan open another notebook, and said: "Because of the 'melon green', and the adults came to give advice last time, the officer found a direction and felt... The species is really important, and one of the future directions should be to find strains with higher penicillin content."

"That must be true, is there a breakthrough?"

Dai Sanchun shook his head: "Not yet."

"It doesn't matter, the time is short," Zhu Yuan said: "Any research, as long as the direction is right, there will always be a day of success."

While talking, Sanqi returned, holding a tray of various small things in his hand.

Zhu Yuan took a look.

There are various glass or ceramic test instruments in the tray, and a... small hand-operated machine. Looking carefully, it seems to be a... hair dryer.

After Sanqi put down the contents in the tray and exited again after saluting, Dai Sanchun continued: "My lord, in addition to looking for better strains, I have been experimenting with how to extract penicillin from the solution. This is... an unknown feasible idea."

Zhu Yuan lowered his head again and asked, "Is there a clue about the problem of making a high-concentration solution?"

"That's right," Dai Sanchun said, "My lord has given you an idea. According to what you said, with the principle of 'dissolving' and 'insoluble', plus the 'adsorption' of activated carbon, after repeated attempts, there is 'melon green'." 'The strains are indeed getting better and better, but the problem is stuck in the last step, which is also the problem we talked about last time, and it is just right now for adults to refer to it for details."

As Dai Sanchun said, Zhu Yuan had already started browsing the contents of the notes.

Just reading the opening paragraph gave Zhu Yuan a sense of relief.

The thing is probably that Dai Sanchun found through daily observations that the frost in winter...it seems that it is not formed by water, coupled with the physical knowledge obtained from Zhu Yuan, combined with theory and practice, Dai Sanchun felt that this Water, which may be in a 'gaseous state', condenses directly into a 'solid state'.

Since gaseous water can be directly converted into a solid state, is there a possibility that solid water can also be directly converted into a gaseous state.

When the mind opened up, it came to the extraction of penicillin.

Concentrated penicillin solution, not to mention high temperature, is easily inactivated even at room temperature, and solid penicillin must be extracted to preserve it for a longer period of time.

However, the traditional boiling method has been tried, and some things can be obtained from the solution to the powder. The problem is that the powder substance obtained by boiling at high temperature has completely lost its activity and has no sterilization effect at all. Effect.

Dai Sanchun also tried alcohol, because he learned from Zhu Yuan that the boiling point of alcohol is lower.

Of course it still failed.

As for the assumption that the boiling point of water in another high-altitude area is also low, the conditions are not met for the time being.

Then, the high temperature will inactivate the penicillin, and the low temperature... On the other hand, it can be stored for a longer time, so if it is frozen, wouldn't it be longer.Zhu Yuan does not know whether this conclusion is correct, but, in theory, it must be stored longer than at high temperature or room temperature anyway.

So I went back to Dai Sanchun's inspiration.

In the frozen state of penicillin solution, is there a possibility to directly vaporize it? !
In this way, under the premise of ensuring the activity of penicillin, water can be removed to obtain solid penicillin.

Zhu Yuan certainly knew about this.

Also basic physics knowledge.

In simple terms, a substance that is directly converted from a gaseous state to a solid state is called 'sublimation', and a substance that is directly converted from a solid state to a gaseous state is called 'sublimation'.

Although the reasoning is simple, if Dai Sanchun hadn't reminded him, Zhu Yuan, who had too many things in his mind, probably wouldn't be able to recall them.

Suddenly, before Zhu Yuan could speak, Dai Sanchun had already turned to the opposite tray: "My lord, I will show you a demonstration."

Talking and starting to operate.

Dai Sanchun opened a porcelain cup, and Zhu Yuan probed to see that there were ice cubes inside.

Dai Sanchun carefully tapped a few times with a stone pestle, and then turned to tweezers to pick out a very small grain, put it on a piece of glass, then picked up the thing that was a hand-operated hair dryer, and pointed it at the hair dryer that was not the size of a grain of rice. The ice particles quickly began to shake.

In the whistling wind, the ice particles disappeared in just a moment.

Although the melting could be seen just now, in the blink of an eye, the glass was completely dry, as if there were no ice particles.

After operating the whole set, Dai Sanchun brought the glass piece in front of Zhu Yuan, with an excited expression on his face: "Look at it, my lord. This is the discovery of the subordinate officials, but I don't quite understand the reason. I hope my lord can explain it."

Zhu Yuan glanced at the glass in front of him, and didn't answer immediately, but turned his head to Dai Sanchun again: "Sir, to be honest, if this continues, I think I will soon have you as my teacher."

"Your Excellency is too modest, it's just that 'economics', lower officials can't understand it," Dai Sanchun shook his head: "Compared to the economics of the world and the people, it's nothing in front of you, but..."

Dai Sanchun wanted to be humble, but he also felt in his heart that if this penicillin could be extracted, it would be no small matter at all, and it would also save the people, so he couldn't be humble for a while, and got stuck there.

Zhu Yuan didn't let Dai Sanchun continue to search for words, pointed to the glass in front of him, and said: "In terms of physics, the direct transformation of matter from a solid state to a gaseous state is called 'sublimation'..."

As soon as he opened his mouth, Dai Sanchun interrupted: "My lord, wait a moment, I will take notes."

As he spoke, he pulled out a chair and sat down opposite, and found a pen and paper, like a primary school student seriously waiting to listen to the lecture.

Seeing that Dai Sanchun was ready, Zhu Yuan continued. He briefly talked about the concepts of "sublimation" and "condensation", and then gestured to the hand-operated hair dryer on the opposite side: "How do you remember the operation of blowing ice particles with a hair dryer?" ?”

"That's right, it's also what I see every day. I accidentally spilled something on the laboratory table. After drying it, I found a book or something to fan it, and it dried faster."

Zhu Yuan nodded, and once again habitually analyzed fundamentally: "This is a way to accelerate the evaporation of liquid by speeding up the air flow. At the micro level, the fast air flow can take away the molecules on the surface of the liquid faster. The same , solid water, that is, ice, as long as it is in contact with air, no matter how cold the weather is, it will not melt, but will undergo a slow and direct 'sublimation' from solid to gaseous state, and eventually disappear. However, in your office, the temperature It is relatively high, just using a hair dryer, in fact, it is still sublimated while melting, and the melting ratio must be higher."

Dai Sanchun recorded quickly, and his thinking was very active, and he accurately grasped the key point: "My lord, then, how can I make the penicillin solution remain solid for a long time and at the same time sublimate?"

Zhu Yuan smiled: "Well, sir, you are lost to the authorities."

"Ok?"

Zhu Yuan raised his hand and pointed to the north: "Your Excellency has been to the north, you should know that as long as you go to the land of Hebei, the ice will not melt even under the sun during the day."

Dai Sanchun raised his hand violently, almost patting the table.

It was not rude to take pictures, and quickly bowed his head to record carefully.

Zhu Yuan also continued: "Actually, there is a way to freeze water through manual operation, but with our current level of technology, it will take at least one or two generations of accumulation to realize it."

Holding the charcoal pencil, Dai Sanchun questioned: "Sir, among them... how to operate?"

"This also involves the issue of energy conservation. The so-called energy, in our problem, you can simply understand it as heat," Zhu Yuan said: "For example, the simple one is that when ice melts into water, it absorbs heat, um... More intuitively, we have to boil water to turn it into a gas. In this process, a lot of heat needs to be absorbed. Similarly, when water vapor turns into water again, it releases heat, and the water condenses into ice , also releases heat.”

Dai Sanchun pondered quickly, feeling that he had caught something, but also felt that he had caught nothing.

Zhu Yuan continued patiently: "There is another case, saltpeter. This kind of thing needs to absorb a lot of heat when it melts in water. Using this physical transformation, people can make ice in summer."

Making ice with saltpeter is also an artifact of the traveler.

Another gold finger, a few words, lost, a certain traverser is too unqualified!
Please call me 'Zhu Prodigal'.

Inwardly, Zhu Yuan complained to himself, but Zhu Yuan didn't listen, and continued: "You can try this when you have time, anyway, it won't help what we are talking about. At this stage, we can only use natural conditions to achieve our goals. In the future, if possible, In fact, it is what I just said... Mr.'s thinking is limited, so he didn't think about it further. Let's break through a little bit and compare the three states of water. Suppose, is there a substance that is a gas at normal temperature, but , through compression, we can convert it into a liquid. Like water, this process will release a lot of heat. Then, in turn, we only need to release this liquid at normal temperature and turn it into a gas, and it will be released in a very short time. Absorb a large amount of surrounding heat in a short period of time, this absorption is enough to turn the surrounding air below zero and condense water into ice."

This is actually how refrigerators and air conditioners work.

After listening to Zhu Yuan's words, Dai Sanchun's thoughts were completely clear, imagining certain scenes, the hand holding the pen even trembled a little.

However, after trembling, he thought of Zhu Yuan's words just now.

It will take one or two generations of accumulation to be realized.

Inevitably unwilling, he asked: "My lord, now...is it really impossible?"

"If we invest at all costs, maybe ten or twenty years, we will be able to achieve results," Zhu Yuan said, "The problem is that we don't have enough resources to do so now, and there are still too many basic things that have not been completed in Ming Dynasty. If it is done, it can only stop at the laboratory level and cannot be applied in large-scale industry. This is also mentioned in my "Economics", large-scale industrialization, mass production, and mass application, this is the industrial age. "

Dai Sanchun was only depressed for a short time, but soon cheered up again, as long as it can be realized in the future.

As for now...

Dai Sanchun gestured to the hand-cranked hair dryer and other equipment in front of him: "Then, my lord, I'm an official."

Zhu Yuan thought about it for a while, and said: "I need to go to the north, and if I want to be safe, even Hebei is not enough. The northeast outside Yuguan, where the winter temperature can reach [-] to [-] degrees below zero, is the best. In this state... Through your operation just now and repeated experiments, you may be able to extract active penicillin. This is a concept with a certain practical significance for production. Right now... Well, since you have thought of it, did you think it was possible before? Have you tried it in the lab?"

Dai Sanchun nodded and shook his head again: "Ice is easy to find, but this Jiangnan... the weather is not cold enough, I tried a few times, and put the refining solution outdoors to freeze it. As a result, it was either not frozen or it was frozen. This...'sublimation' method, as a result, the penicillin powder obtained several times is still inactivated."

Zhu Yuan thought for a while and made a judgment: "It's still too long."

Dai Sanchun also said with emotion: "After listening to your lord's words, I can't wait to go to the north immediately."

"Oh, don't worry, it's useless to be anxious, besides, we can't go to the Northeast I just mentioned," Zhu Yuan said here, and suddenly remembered: "It's the New Year's Eve soon, but I forgot to ask, Mr. Didn't go back home?"

The topic changed, Dai Sanchun was also taken aback, and then said: "The official was thinking about when to talk to your lord, but now I mentioned it, so I just said it."

"how?"

"It was agreed with my family earlier that after this new year's festival, my wife and children will come to Jinling from Jinhua, and will live in the capital forever... At that time, I will resign from my lord and move out of my lord's house. gone."

"It's a good thing." Zhu Yuan didn't pretend to be polite to stay, and said with a smile: "You are already a third-rank medical assistant, and it's not appropriate to live in my house like a guest. Anyway, it must be a good thing to move out. Around here, if I have a headache, I can call you anytime."

Dai Sanchun nodded, also feeling emotional: "In the past, the lower officials only thought about coming to Beijing for a few years, serving the court before resigning and returning to their hometowns, so they never thought about bringing their wives and children over. How could you expect that?" , In just one year, such an encounter happened, so to speak, it was all adults who supported me."

It was the first time I met Dai Sanchun last year, and the other party was an imperial physician of the eighth rank.

Now, in almost a year, Dai Sanchun has been the third-rank minister of the medical department, and concurrently serves as the fourth-rank vice president of Houhu Medical University. .

However, Zhu Yuan felt that this was what the other party deserved.

As far as the "sublimation" mentioned just now was common knowledge buried in the corner of Zhu Yuan's mind, Dai Sanchun was able to conclude it with daily observations. This insight, if he continues, is enough for him to complete the antibiotic-related research. Everything researched.

As long as antibiotics can be produced, it will be worthwhile for Dai Sanchun to leave a biography in the history books in the future, let alone the current third-rank servant.

Thinking of this, Zhu Yuan waved his hand: "I don't want to mention these things. When your family comes, let's have a meal together, um... how many children are there?"

"Two sons and one daughter," Dai Sanchun mentioned this, showing a gentle smile, and said: "The eldest son, Dai Li, is 11 years old. He hasn't seen him for three years, and he doesn't know how his studies are. I was just born at home, and I will be three years old this year."

"I haven't seen you in three years, it's time to pick me up."

After a few words, the topic turned back to the present, Zhu Yuan thought for a moment, and then said: "Mr. Dai just said that he wanted to freeze the penicillin solution into ice and then sublimate it. I think it is superfluous. The sublimation operation can indeed be avoided. High temperature causes penicillin to be inactivated, but if it is only a small amount of extraction, it is not necessary to be so troublesome, the key is the hair dryer."

Dai Sanchun also quickly returned to his thoughts, picked up the hand-cranked hair dryer and sent it to Zhu Yuan: "My lord, what do you think?"

Zhu Yuan took it, fiddled with it and said, "Hair dryer, what else can you do, blow it!"

once……

Drying your hair with a hair dryer doesn't just speed up the flow of air to make your hair dry faster.

The reason has just been said.

Putting the previous piece of glass in front of him, Zhu Yuan pointed and shook it with a hand-operated hair dryer, and said, "Through blowing, not only can the ice particles be sublimated, but also the liquid can be evaporated quickly. This is the basic principle. There are two other The key. First, the larger the contact area between the liquid and the air, the faster the evaporation. Second, the faster the wind speed, the faster the evaporation speed. Of course, there are actually the third and fourth, the higher the temperature Higher, the faster the evaporation, and the lower the pressure, the lower the boiling point, which can also lead to faster evaporation. About the pressure, we said last time. However, we must not use high temperature now, and the pressure is not easy to adjust. But, only the first two One condition, let’s spread the concentrated penicillin solution, increase the area as much as possible, then make a few larger hair dryers and blow it hard, imagine the evaporation speed. I believe that it can be dried quickly. Although it can’t be achieved Larger-scale mass production, but some samples at the laboratory level, there is a high probability that it can be obtained."

Dai Sanchun listened to Zhu Yuan halfway through, and had already sat down and quickly started to record. When Zhu Yuan finished speaking, he summed up the truth, and was so excited that he almost slapped the table.

Yes.

It was such a simple thing, but I thought about it deeply.

Zhu Yuan saw that Dai Sanchun was eager to try and looked a little annoyed, and said: "However, I think your method of sublimation is better. Relatively speaking, through the sublimation operation, you can avoid deactivation as much as possible. Get more samples of penicillin, and even achieve small-scale mass production, as for the stupid method just now, it is only used for research.”

Dai Sanchun nodded, but still said: "It's because I don't understand the reason, my lord's knowledge, that physics, that chemistry, I have read some of it, but I still can't master it like my lord. So that it can be used."

"That's because the knowledge you got is not comprehensive enough. The main reason is that I can't think of all the things in my mind for a while, so I can only write so much."

Moreover, another reason is that what Zhu Yuan said was known before.

Zhu Yuan has always understood the truth that human imagination is actually very scarce!Therefore, many seemingly inconspicuous inventions, such as talking casually around, wheels, water cups, etc., are very great creations when they are enlarged to the entire history of human civilization.

Besides, relying on the knowledge given by Zhu Yuan, Dai Sanchun was able to observe and associate with sublimation, and even found that accelerating the flow of air can promote the evaporation of liquid, which is already very remarkable.

Seeing that Dai Sanchun was eager to try, Zhu Yuan was about to leave, but suddenly remembered, and asked again: "By the way, regarding the recent progress of penicillin research, have you told your ancestors about it?"

Dai Sanchun had already started to think about what kind of hair dryer the Equipment Bureau could produce, and he said, "How can we say that there is no result?"

"Well, try it this afternoon. I guess you must have concentrated penicillin solution here. If you make active powder, you will write a letter to your ancestors tomorrow morning. Coincidentally, I will also help talk about the 'Medical Temple'" , seeing that you have achieved results, the promotion of the 'Temple of Medical Virtue' will only go smoother."

Hearing the 'medical virtuous temple', Dai Sanchun was a little troubled, and he knew the reason, so he agreed immediately.

Zhu Yuan saw that Dai Sanchun wanted to see off the guests and was patient with etiquette, so he didn't repeat any more, and stood up with a smile: "Then I'll go back first, you are busy, I hope there will be good news this time."

Dai Sanchun stood up, "I'll see you off."

When he came to the outside of the courtyard where the laboratory was located, he signaled Dai Sanchun to stay, and Zhu Yuan got into his soft sedan chair.

When the sedan chair started to move forward, Zhu Yuan signaled Lin Xiaoyu who was with him to open the curtain, called Zhao Xu, and said, "Who is responsible for the cement I told you last time? The Ministry of Industry is in charge. In the afternoon... go now, I will take a nap." You called me before and told me about the progress of the matter."

(End of this chapter)