Hongwu Survival Guide

Chapter 204

After waking up from an afternoon nap yesterday, he didn't move his nest. After dinner, he was still in the east courtyard, and called the two dancers he had just won again.

The water-like figure is simply amazing.

Of course, I have seen Jiu-Jitsu performances before, but it is rare to be able to dance so well after being soft to a certain extent.

Can't put it down.

Ok……

Woke up early and still ate breakfast here, and Xieyi brought someone to deliver the meal, and then said, Dai Sanchun delivered a message this morning, hoping that Zhu Yuan would be free in the next few days, and he could go to Houhu Medical College again.

Said it was a matter of 'penicillin'.

Back in Jinling, Dai Sanchun still lived in the small courtyard in the southeast of the mansion, and it was still requested by Lao Zhu, so that he could take care of Zhu Yuan at any time.

However, apart from when Zhu Yuan was occasionally uncomfortable, Dai Sanchun, like Nuan Niang, went out early and returned late every day, and spent most of his time at Houhu Medical College, practicing medicine, teaching, or following Zhu Yuan's advice. Experiments are carried out on various points, and the main direction of attack is still penicillin.

Therefore, it is not necessary to see each other for three to five days.

At the moment... Obviously, enough doubts have been accumulated, and I hope to get advice from Zhu Yuan again.

Think about deciding to pass today.

This is also the reason why too many things have been pushed away. Zhu Yuan's schedule is very flexible, and he doesn't need to be non-stop as before.

Zhu Yuan is also thinking about it in private, and he still needs to concentrate.

otherwise……

The body does not allow it.

Moreover, many things have already been laid out. Zhu Yuan feels that in the next few years, he will focus on a series of "universities" planned, preaching and teaching, and strive to teach a group of talents. This will not only further liberate himself, For this country, it is also the most correct direction.

Everyone gathers firewood and the flames are high.

No matter how strong a person's ability is, he is only one person after all.

After breakfast, Zhu Yuan first wrote a memorial related to the "archive" that he had inspired yesterday and had someone send it to Lao Zhu, then left home and rushed to Houhu Medical College at the foot of Hongshan Mountain in Xuanwu Hubei.

Speaking of the name, Houhu Lake was changed to Xuanwu Lake, but Houhu Medical College did not follow suit.

Too lazy to toss too much.

Dai Sanchun is doing experiments in a courtyard of Houhu Medical College.

Hearing Zhu Yuan's arrival, he was a little surprised, but he didn't even greet him. He just ordered Zhu Yuan to put on a full set of protective clothing and sprayed alcohol all over his body before he was able to enter a spacious and bright 'laboratory'.

The first feeling is indeed 'large and bright'.

A hall with three bays and two depths. Although there is a row of columns in the middle, it is at least [-] square meters, which is equivalent to the total area of ​​an ordinary house.In addition, the all-white walls, all-white ceiling, and even the floor are all white tiles, and the windows are inlaid with glass that is equivalent to gold at the moment, which makes the whole room feel open.

Ok……

It would be better if there were no operating desks, laboratory cabinets, various experimental material containers, and operators who were covered from head to toe in white leather protective clothing with only goggles exposed.

This setting is actually Zhu Yuan's suggestion.

Pure white tone, expensive glass, on the one hand, can ensure indoor lighting, and white is easier to reflect light.On the other hand, plastered walls and glass windows are sealed to inhibit the infiltration and growth of various microorganisms.

Even if he doesn't have any professional knowledge, just referring to his previous common sense, Zhu Yuan also understands that these are very important.

Dai Sanchun was also wearing a white leather protective suit from head to toe with only goggles exposed, and was dripping into petri dishes with a dropper at an operating table.

When they came close, they nodded and greeted each other, and Zhu Yuan asked, "What is this for?"

Dai Sanchun continued to focus on the operation, while saying: "Xiaguan recently discovered a new strain of bacteria, and today I tried another extraction method, and I am using this bacteria to test the effect."

Across the double protection, the voice is very muffled, but it can be heard clearly.

Zhu Yuan nodded, looked at it for a moment, recalled the few memories in the past, and asked tentatively: "You dripped these...Is it penicillin extract?"

"Exactly."

Zhu Yuan thought about it again, and said: "If you drip it directly like this, the liquid will easily flow away, so it's not easy to check the effect. I remember one... well, it was put on with a round piece of paper dipped in the liquid, and the paper can play an adsorption role. , to ensure that the extract will not spread and form a very standard bacteriostatic zone.”

After Zhu Yuan finished speaking, Dai Sanchun, who had already dripped most of the nine glass petri dishes, paused. After a while, he put down the utensils in his hands, and while looking for scissors and white paper from the side, he said: "My lord should come here often, and give me some advice." It can benefit the subordinate officials a lot.”

"I'll try my best." Zhu Yuan agreed, seeing that Dai Sanchun quickly cut out some round pieces of paper the size of a soybean diameter, and found a new tool before repeating, he didn't intervene indiscriminately, and asked again: "What did you just say?" , found a new strain of bacteria?"

"Exactly, that's why I want you to take a look." Dai Sanchun said, spread out a row of petri dishes, paused briefly, found a notebook from the shelf next to it and handed it over: "My lord, this is the book that the next official came to see." The experimental notes for a while, you can just read them here, take them out and come in again, and they have to be disinfected, it will wrinkle the paper."

Zhu Yuan nodded in agreement, took the experimental notes, retreated to a vacant operating table next to him, pulled a chair and sat down, and began to read.

And then surprise.

Dai Sanchun's...well, it can be called 'research'...the research progress is much faster than Zhu Yuan imagined.

This hundreds of pages of notes, in simple terms, are mainly three things: 'strain', 'clinical' and 'extraction'.

The first is the 'strain'.

At the time when Pu Zhongheng was in Mingzhou, according to the standard that 'penicillin' should come from 'penicillium', Zhu Yuan selected all blue molds, yellow, red, black and so on must not be taken, and the method spread later is also To use blue mold.

However, after Zhu Yuan talked about the principle of 'penicillin', Dai Sanchun felt that other molds might also produce similar substances and have a bactericidal effect.

This rises to the category of 'antibiotics'.

Therefore, during this period of time, Dai Sanchun tried to collect and cultivate various strains of bacteria.

Really found.

The mold from a melon was not so green, but rather white. After Dai Sanchun cultured the fungus and conducted a comparative experiment, he found that the effect was surprisingly good. Recently, he continued to use it on three patients, although it was not the original Pu Zhongheng. However, three patients who were infected with injuries and developed fever and other symptoms were cured after using the mold.

Therefore, Dai Sanchun has been cultivating this strain recently, and even gave it a special name: melon green.

Not 'melon white', because the type of antibiotic extracted is still penicillin.

This is what Dai Sanchun judged based on the smell.

Zhu Yuan also knew about this, because penicillin has a very special taste.

After in-depth research, Dai Sanchun judged that this may be because the penicillin content in 'Melon Green' is higher than other strains.

Zhu Yuan agreed very much.

After all, it is only inferred according to common sense that no matter what type of antibiotic it is, the key to its effect in the current state should be the concentration, not the type.Because there is no such thing as drug resistance in this era, as long as it is an antibiotic, as long as it finds a suitable bacterial target, it should all work.

The same penicillin, strong and weak, the difference... can only be the concentration.

Then, there's 'clinical'.

After returning to Jinling for just over a month, Dai Sanchun personally handled 12 cases.

When Zhu Yuan saw this, the corners of his mouth twitched.

There is no animal experiments, no other kinds of tests, and it is used directly on humans. If this kind of thing is put in a few hundred years, someone like Dai will be imprisoned.

But...

Times are different, and reality has its own reality.

Expediency, expediency!
Zhu Yuan believed that Dai Sanchun would not mess around.However, it should be mentioned later that it is best to start with animal experiments.

little white mouse...

Ok.

Remember that it is not a natural breed, but a specially bred albino mouse.

Zhu Yuan didn't know the reason for it, but since it was widely used later, there must be a reason for it.

You can find it with a reward.

If you can't find it in a short time, white rabbits and the like are also good choices.

Back to Dai's clinic.

Of the 12 cases recorded in the notes, 3 of them were of the 'critically ill' type, one was cured, and the other 9 were not too serious, but they generally showed a state of fever and infection, and 8 were cured.

Among them, "Melon Green" was mentioned emphatically. Dai Sanchun's originally stable narrative was filled with regret, because it was discovered at the beginning of the month that none of the three critically ill patients could be rescued. Otherwise, they might all be rescued.

In this part, Zhu Yuan didn't see any breakthrough.

This is also the reason why Dai Sanchun is cautious, what Zhu Yuan did to Pu Zhongheng back then, Dai Sanchun still does what he did now, and he did not 'innovate' at will.This detail also showed that although Dai Sanchun used it directly on people, it was only due to the limitations of the times, and there was nothing to say about medical ethics.

Finally, is 'Extract'.

Zhu Yuan gave the concepts of 'inorganic' and 'organic' before, and roughly confirmed that antibiotics are most likely to be organic. The way to distinguish them seems to be carbon-containing elements, and macroscopically, they are roughly... able to burn.

Also, organic matter is generally less stable than inorganic matter.

For example, protein may deteriorate when it encounters cold, heat, acid or alkali.

This is also the reason why Zhu Yuan initially suspected that penicillin might be a protein, but later, after considering it, he denied this idea.

Mainly insulin comes to mind.

Insulin is a protein, so this substance is used as a medicine and can only be injected and cannot be taken orally.Because protein enters the digestive tract, it will be broken down.

In contrast, penicillin can be taken orally.

Dai Sanchun first proved the similar vulnerability of penicillin and protein through various experiments.

Freshly picked mold can be directly ineffective if boiled in 100-degree hot water for a quarter of an hour, and it will basically be ineffective after being placed in a greenhouse at about 30 degrees for a day.Subsequently, it was tested with light salt water, acetic acid water, lime water, alum water and other solutions.

This still includes external conditions such as different temperatures.

Although the current thermometer is not so accurate, it can already make an approximate scale.

One result obtained is that penicillin can be stored for the longest time in a near-zero environment and in a very weak acetic acid solution. After three days, it can still be placed in a petri dish, and it can still play a very good role in inhibiting bacterial reproduction.

Back to extraction.

The current problem is stuck here.

The idea given by Zhu Yuan is to use different solvents, such as pure water, acid water, alkaline water, alcohol, vegetable oil, and even lard, etc., try them all if you can find them. Filtration, adsorption, centrifugation, etc.

Dai Sanchun tried them one by one.

A better result is the low-temperature acetic acid solution mentioned earlier, but...it is not considered extraction at all.

Because, after getting the solution, what next?
Another goal given by Zhu Yuan is to obtain solid penicillin substances.

In this link, the first thing that comes to mind is heating and steaming?

Then, there is something left, the kind that fails when heated.

Or there are other ways too.

For example, let it stand to dry. The problem is that if you do this for a long time, even the low-temperature acetic acid solution with the best preservation effect will become invalid before the penicillin is dried and precipitated after the water evaporates naturally.

This becomes a knot.

If it is heated, it will fail, and if it is not heated, it will fail after a long time.

(End of this chapter)