national surname chiming

Chapter 526 Technology Explosion

Xiaokang 33 years, 1695.Emperor Zhu Ciyu is 48 years old, and Zhu Shuren is 73 years old, which is the same as the life span of Confucius in history.

With the complete demise of Galdan, the complete end of the battle against Rakshasa.Daming's expeditionary troops in the north finally withdrew all their troops, and Ma Fang Nanshan recuperated.

At this time, 16 years from the time of Xiaokang, Zhu Shuren proposed to abolish the old "Law of Ming Dynasty" and re-classify the legislation according to the civil law and criminal law. It has been 17 years.

What he thought would take 20 years to complete was actually completed in 15 years.

That's why Daming is now considered to be at its peak in terms of civil, political and martial arts. The various unspoken rules and bad rules left over from the old laws have all been swept into the garbage dump of history as much as possible with the abolition and reconstruction of the Great Ming Law itself.

The administration of officials in the world was also clear for a time. When Zhu Shuren asked his son emperor to revise the new law, he also raised the official wages of the officials and promulgated the system of raising honesty and silver similar to the later Yong and Qian periods, but this time it was directly adjusted the basic salary Composition, add silver to wages.

After the statutory salary has been increased by dozens or even hundreds of times, of course, the officials will continue to crack down on all kinds of illegal activities.It was discovered that while earning a high salary, they were still fishing indiscriminately, and they used a wave of heavy officials similar to Zhu Yuanzhang's back then.

It's just that this time the imperial court completely occupied the righteous position, and the money distributed was already enough for everyone to live with dignity and well-being, so the resistance and resentment had to be suppressed.

The official system, legislation, education, talent selection, science and technology, national defense, and land expansion... All aspects of Ming's construction have achieved great success, or completed the transformation of modernization.

In terms of education, it has been 15 years since middle schools were set up in various provinces and capitals.

Today, this basic education work has developed to the point that each prefecture has a middle school, and each county has a primary school for literacy basics in mathematics and science.

Each county also has a public library that allows on-site reading but not lending.

The first university established in the province, Zhejiang University, was also established ten years ago, followed by Peking University, which was established in Beizhili eight years ago.Then Wuchang, Chengdu, Nanchang, Guangzhou and other places also successively established provincial universities.

As of now, eleven provinces across the country have universities—including the Nanzhili region.

Because Nanjing University is a university in the central government of the imperial court, it is not counted in the province of Nanzhili, and Nanzhili is rich anyway, so it jointly runs a university in Suzhou and Songjiang that belongs to the province of Nanzhili.

……

In terms of technology, after Hooke invented the Newcomen steam engine in 1677, Zhu Shuren encouraged him to improve the new steam engine "with waste steam condensation recovery device".

After 12 years of hard work, Hooke actually produced the first improved steam engine with the characteristics of a Watt steam engine as early as 1688.

It’s just that his thinking was relatively limited at the time, and he followed Zhu Shuren’s directions completely. The steam recovery rate of the final product was very high, which meant that the boiler water was very economical.

However, the recovered hot water is only 20 or 60 degrees after temperature measurement, so the utilization rate of heat is still not high. Historically, Watt steam engines can start burning from close to 90 degrees.Hook just does a better job of saving water than Watt does.

The higher the percentage of recovered water, the cooler the recovered water.The lower the proportion of recovered water, the more water mist is leaked, and the hotter the recovered water will be.The two indicators of temperature and recovery rate cannot be completely compatible, and there is always a trade-off.

On the whole, if the water consumption of Newcomen is set to 10, the coal consumption is also set to 10.Then the Watt machine in 1787 in history consumed 3 water and 3 coal.The Hooker 1688 consumes 2 water and 5 coal, and there is still room for improvement.

But in any case, it is a qualitative improvement to be able to recover the hot water after the steam is recondensed.

As for the proportion of recovered water and how high the temperature is, these index issues can be gradually optimized.

Later, after several years of fine-tuning and improvement, when the Ming Dynasty destroyed Junggar, Robert Hooke finally built a steam engine with a coal consumption index that could be reduced to 3, and finally completely equaled Watt.

It can be seen that technological progress is also fine-tuned a little bit. In the process, there are actually paths to follow.

In the end, Zhu Shuren was very affirmative of Hooker's research and development, and encouraged him to develop both technical solutions without throwing them away, and to test them in different working conditions.

For example, in places where water resources are abundant and coal is valuable, more experiments can be made to save water and coal.

And if fresh water is scarce in the environment of sailing, or even trains crossing the desert (of course, locomotives and steamboat engines have not been invented yet), you can be relatively inclined to save water and coal.

Once this idea is opened up and the scientific researchers below are allowed to develop on their own, Daming's scientific and technological progress will flourish and run freely.

As for the improvement of the steam engine, it is just a representative microcosm.The rest have thousands of innovations and cannot be repeated one by one.

……

However, although most of the small achievements are not worth mentioning, the achievements of Hook's old enemy are still worth saying a few words——

Zhu Shuren also had to feel the inertia of history in this matter, because after coming to Daming, Hooker finally formed a relationship with Newton, which has not been changed by the butterfly effect at all.

So even after Hooker became awesome, Newton also worked very hard, wanting to prove himself, and completely overwhelmed Hooker.

Speaking of the grievances between Hooke and Newton, in fact, readers who know a little bit about the history of science know it, mainly because the two have diametrically opposite views in the field of optics.

Hooke inherited Boyle's theory that light is a kind of wave, and Newton obviously thought that light is a kind of particle-

As for which of them is right and who is wrong, in fact, it has been said in the physics textbooks of later generations that this is a rare physics mistake that Newton had in his life.
Because Maxwell finally proved that light has "wave-particle duality".

After Hu Ke invented the Watt steam engine for Daming, because of his outstanding contribution to Ming's productivity, his influence with the regent Zhu Shuren who was over seventy years old also skyrocketed.
On the other hand, because of Newton's historical achievements, a considerable part of this life has been shared by Zhu Shuren himself and Fang Ziling. In addition, Newton in history, after the age of 35, was actually not too obsessed with scientific research, but changed his career to engage in metaphysics .

Sailing against the current, if you don't advance, you will retreat.Newton, who had been slack for several years, felt a little guilty when he wanted to fight against the illustrious Hooker.

In order to regain the attention and authority in front of the Prince Regent, Newton, who had been staying at home after the age of 40 or [-], was finally forced to end himself, working hard on experimental physics, trying to make some big noises to overwhelm him. Hook.

The scientific discoveries created by Newton in this life are far beyond that of himself in parallel time and space, which can be regarded as a surprise.

And Zhu Shuren is of course happy to see the results, he wished that Hooker and Newton would get involved with each other,
Anyway, the scientific research results that are rolled out will benefit Daming in the end, so Zhu Shuren is not eager to teach them to do the "double slit interference experiment", and he never wants to report the answer and tell them that "light actually has a wave-particle duality".

If this answer is reported, how can Newton fight with Hook?

In the end, Newton considered that his practical ability in the mechanical field was too poor, so he tried for several years but failed to win Hooke. After learning from the pain, he began to find another way, and spent his energy on pondering electricity——

Newton in parallel time and space did not have much research on electricity, which was also because of the lack of electrical hardware foundation in that era.

But as mentioned earlier, Daming summed up the original version of electromagnetic induction several decades ago, that is, the phenomenon of "changing magnetism to generate electricity, and changing electricity to generate magnetism", and even used this as a guiding ideology to develop Beyond the small original generator at the laboratory level, the industrial application of "electromagnet magnetic mineral separation" is also engaged in the field of motors.

It's just that the progress of Ming Dynasty has been very slow in this regard. After all, the deployment of electricity is to be expanded, and the requirements for industrial supporting infrastructure are too high.

Therefore, in the decades before Newton started to engage in electricity, the Ming Academy of Sciences did not make any follow-up progress, and it has been in a half-baked state. At most, it was later discovered that electrolytes can be inserted into electrodes to form currents and create primitive " Voltaic pile".

After Newton was forced to make a move by Hooker, the situation was quite different.

After all, Newton was a man born from heaven, and his mathematical skills are unmatched in the world except Leibniz.Since he has his eyes on this research, of course he must first accurately calculate all the parameters and calculation formulas that have not been quantified in detail in accordance with his usual style.

So, in the 30th year of Xiaokang, Newton finally came up with something equivalent to another time-space "Biot Savart's law", and worked out the theoretical quantitative calculation formula of magnetism, electricity, and magnetism.

He also calculated the magnetic flux constant, so far, the electromagnetic induction is finally complete.

Of course, because this phenomenon of magnetoelectricity was originally recorded by Fang Yizhi, Fang Ziling and others, and proposed by Zhu Shuren, Newton only contributed to the calculation of magnetic flux constants and precise calculation formulas, so when naming scientific laws, several people still need to be added surname.

After working out a complete set of quantitative calculation formulas for electromagnetic induction, the follow-up research will have a sufficient theoretical basis.

After some investigation, Newton found that Daming's original attempt to make natural permanent magnets by using electromagnetic induction was too inefficient and energy-consuming, and it was not worthwhile.

So Newton used the calculation formulas and laws he discovered to figure out how to make more efficient use of the phenomenon of "changing electricity to generate magnetism".

Finally, after two years of failure, Newton slapped his head and stared at the lightning in the sky. He felt that the lightning must have huge electrical energy, but the electrical energy could not be stored.

But since there is electromagnetic induction, the change of electricity can generate magnetism, so is it possible to magnetize the iron rod wrapped with insulated copper wire by lightning, and store the electric energy of lightning in the form of permanent magnet?
I have to say that no one has done this brain hole in history.

Because when Franklin in parallel time and space studied lightning, there was no "Bio Savart's Law",
Therefore, this kind of research is really only possible in the special time and space where Zhu Shuren is located, because the discovery of electromagnetic induction was advanced, and when the golden wind and jade dew meet, it is possible to be born.

And it is precisely because this kind of thing has never happened in history, so Zhu Shuren, who only copied historical answers, would not have thought of it, nor would he remind his subordinates to do this. In the end, it was entirely based on Newton's own brain.

But for Newton to do this, he first had to study the characteristics of lightning.Historically, Franklin's research on lightning relied on the "Leyden bottle", an electrostatic energy storage device, which was only researched by the Dutchman Mason Bullock in 1745.

Fortunately, when there is a need in the market, it will always be more able to promote the progress of science and technology than ten universities.

Now that Newton has this demand and has theoretically deduced the feasibility of this solution, several top universities and research institutes here in Daming, of course, have invested in experiments at no cost.

Finally, in 1690, Zhejiang University created the first human electrostatic energy storage device, the Leiden bottle, 55 years earlier than the parallel time and space, according to the requirements put forward by Party A Newton.

After Newton got the Leiden bottle, he also did a lot of lightning research work similar to that of Franklin in parallel time and space, including flying a kite to attract lightning. Finally, he invented the lightning rod in 1695 and proposed the principle of lightning protection safety range.

Then, Newton made a lot of lightning rods for thunderstorms, and then used various methods to separate and bind the winding copper wires and insulating bakelite to the iron core, and tested various copper wire winding and binding methods. Under the environment of current passing method, the residual magnetic strength of iron core after lightning strike.

Such an experiment, of course, cannot obtain a stable permanent magnet from the beginning.

In the first two years of experiments, many iron cores wound with insulated copper wires were demagnetized quickly after being briefly magnetized by lightning.

But Zhu Shuren was very supportive of Newton's experiment, and he was willing to make lightning rods and split iron cores. He also asked Newton to install lightning protection belts on the cornices of the palaces in Nanjing and Beijing.

Anyway, these studies can also incidentally prevent the palace from being struck by lightning and cause a fire, which is a profit instead of a loss.In the 300 years before the Ming Dynasty, some palaces were struck by lightning and caught fire every few decades, and the material losses were not trivial.

Even if Newton couldn't figure out how to use Tianlei to mass-produce magnets, he could at least save Daming the money to rebuild the palace.

In the end, after years of research, Newton finally summed up a production process for mass-producing powerful permanent magnets using Tianlei after repeated trial and error methods, which also allowed Daming to mass-produce original DC generators at low cost.

Although the application scenarios and power generation environment of this kind of generator are still very scarce, at least the manufacturing and principle research of related machines have taken a big step forward, or at least an additional 60 or 80 years of progress compared with the same period in history, and even Seven [-] years.

All of this made Zhu Shuren in his later years have to wonder - if Newton was allowed to live for a few more decades, could he be able to create all the wonderful settings in "Stardew Valley", this guy is really terrible.

　The new book "Brother Zhuge Liang" is looking for collections and tickets. I originally wanted to have a finale today, but there are still a lot left.Finale tomorrow morning.

　　
　
(End of this chapter)