national surname chiming

Not afraid of not knowing the goods, but afraid of comparing goods.

After visiting the iron and steel plant and the arsenal at the same time, Zhu Shucai found that in the past six months, the steel plant, the concentrator and the magnetic research institute behind them have made the fastest progress.

After all, the quality and stability of the steel in Ma'anshan has been significantly improved. After just over a year of running-in, the adverse effects of high sulfur content in ore and coal raw materials have been completely suppressed.

The follow-up question is just to reduce costs and increase efficiency—that is, how to spend less money to achieve the same effect and reduce waste of energy consumption.

In contrast, there is no theoretical progress at the Institute of Mechanical Physics. It is just a stupid way to pile up experimental data, and it is impossible to see that the person in charge has any ideas for experimental design.

The idea of ​​rifling design is also that Zhu Shuren flicks and flicks it himself, and the people below are only responsible for stacking physical work.

"The iron and steel factory is doing a good job, better than the arsenal. There is progress in the removal of impurities in raw materials. This year we will reward them. Let's focus on going to the Mineral Processing Research Institute tomorrow to have a look."

After leaving the Ma'anshan Armory, Zhu Shuren took stock of what he had seen and heard throughout the day, so Zhu Shuren gave his orders.

Hearing this, Gu Yanwu immediately explained to the side and raised some points: "As expected, I heard that at the research institute, the governor of Huguangfang occasionally makes some points in person, and he finds time to come here for a month or two every year.

Governor Fang also sent some of his confidant researchers to stay here, and he also found relatives and assistants to stay here to help him sort out data and manuscripts, and improve his "Physics" writing. "

When Zhu Shuren heard this, it suddenly dawned on him that the arsenal was mainly relying on craftsmen who had no theoretical foundation to explore, and behind the steel factory and the research institute, Fang Yizhi was helping him take time to worry about it.

Although Fang Yizhi has a certain gap with Western scientists of the same period, and has not received education in systematic logic, he still has an advantage in breadth and can more or less understand by analogy.

Zhu Shuren rubbed his temples: ""Physics"? Brother Fang finally started writing "Physics"? Oh, I just said that he actually started writing "Physics". A pure natural history work.

Although Brother Fang is quite knowledgeable in this area, his theory is not systematic enough, and it is too piecemeal.If he really wanted to write, at the end of the year, when Zheng Chenggong went to fight the big officials, I asked him to catch more Hongyi prisoners.

At that time, send a boat back to bring a letter to Hongyi to be in power, asking them to hand over Descartes in exchange for all captured soldiers and employees of the East India Company, or we, Ming Dynasty, will shoot all the prisoners. "

Zhu Shuren is still looking forward to Yizhi's masterpiece in history.

Originally, he was worried that Fang Yizhi's official career would be smooth in this world, so he lost all the things he wrote in the book, which was also a small loss in the history of science and technology.

Now I heard that he can still be a little distracted from his work, Zhu Shuren of course has to support it.

Zheng Chenggong hadn't captured the top officials yet, but Zhu Shuren already had a clear idea of ​​the purpose of the Dutch captives.

It's a pity that Descartes is too old now, and it won't take a few years.

It's not that Zhu Shuren has never considered Newton, but Newton is still a three-year-old child, and Leibniz has just entered the fertilized egg state.

Therefore, we can only try to leave an introduction first, which is to use the bones of Cartesian daughters to publicize the attitude of Ming Dynasty's thirst for talents to Western scientific and technological talents.

In this era, many talents in the West who are interested in scientific research are still in a very bad situation. The main reason is that the 30-year war has not yet completely ended, and the attitude of persecution of scientific research in Catholic countries is very severe.

Descartes couldn't stay in France when he was young, and his situation was not much better than that of Copernicus decades ago, so he had to live in the Netherlands. Who made France a Catholic country?

According to the normal development of history, in the next hundred years, Western science and technology will develop rapidly mainly in Protestant countries such as the Netherlands, Britain, and North Germany, because Protestant countries do not have strong church power to kill scientists.

However, France, Italy, Austria, and the West, the four famous Catholic traditional powers, still have to be a scientific research desert for nearly a hundred years.It wasn't until decades before the first industrial death that they realized that their national strength had been too far behind the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, and they were forced to reverse it.

So, now it is 1645, if we can take advantage of 1648, before the 30-year religious war in Europe is completely over, to spread to the west some "Eastern Ming Dynasty has no religious persecution of science at all, and also allows free choice of beliefs, without interfering with beliefs The news that you can study whatever you want under the premise", coupled with the heavy reward, may be able to dig up a considerable part of the seeds of European science.

Under the ebb and flow, no matter how you look at it, you are making a lot of money, and you must pay attention to this matter.

……

After some inspections, with this idea in mind, Zhu Shuren will be more targeted in the follow-up inspection work, and look at the work in front of him with the perspective of a century-old plan.

That night, Gu Yanwu brought back news that Zheng Chenggong would not arrive tomorrow.

But the express courier sent by Zheng Chenggong had already arrived in advance, saying that Zheng Chenggong and his party should have just passed Taihu Lake and arrived in the Liyang area, and they would arrive early in the morning the day after tomorrow.

After all, Zheng Chenggong also has status now, and it is impossible to travel hundreds of miles a day.

Zhu Shuren didn't say anything, since he came early and inspected first, how could he temporarily raise the requirements of his subordinates.

So the group stayed in Jiangning Town for one night, washed up and had breakfast the next morning, Zhu Shuren asked someone to make temporary arrangements, saying that today they would visit a few more research institutes a day, and there was no need to arrange other itineraries.

Anyway, for those in the zoo and botanical garden museum, after Zheng Chenggong arrives tomorrow, he will also go to the meeting. He needs to teach Zheng Chenggong how to adapt to the environment of tropical rainforest animals and plants. There is no rush to visit now.

What Zhu Shuren didn't expect was that when he arrived at the Institute of Magnetism, he actually met an unexpected old man.

At that time, as soon as he entered the door, he told the official in charge: "I heard that Brother Mi sent his confidant to help him collect data and write a book. Why don't you see the person in charge?"

The official in charge of the firm looked embarrassed, and quickly explained: "My lord, among the staff and assistants sent by Fang Futai, there are female relatives. They usually only check the experimental results and receive data, and don't negotiate with the researchers face to face. The lord wants to inspect and call. You can go to the study in another courtyard."

Zhu Shuren was taken aback for a moment, but soon realized that he asked where he was, and waved everyone away.Came alone to an independent and quiet courtyard in the research institute.

Fang Yizhi should have requisitioned this other courtyard just this year and refurbished it, but since it was for work, Zhu Shuren would not blame him for extravagance.

Walking into the inner courtyard, all you see are women wearing square scarves and scholarly attire, but they are obviously not the ones who serve tea and water. They all look a little bookish, as if they can assist in learning.

When Zhu Shuren came in, the women were slightly surprised and wanted to exclaim.Fortunately, Zhu Shuren didn't engage in vulgar private visits in micro-clothes, pretending to be a pig and eating a tiger, he came in wearing the prince's python robe openly.

So the women were surprised, but when they saw his clothes clearly, they immediately stopped their resistance and let him move on their own. They even took the initiative to come up to salute, and earnestly asked if there was anything they could do to guide the prince.

And Zhu Shuren roughly guessed who Fang Yizhi sent here, and casually asked the female official who was saluting: "Did Governor Fang send Miss Ziling here to help?"

The female officials all held back their knees: "Exactly, we are also the book office trained by Miss Fang."

Zhu Shuren smiled naturally: "When will she know 'physics' again?"

Of course, the female official should help to say good things: "Miss Fang is knowledgeable and talented, as long as she is willing to put her heart into it, she can learn everything."

Zhu Shuren stopped talking nonsense, and with a look to indicate to lead the way, he was quickly led to Fang Ziling's office.Before entering the door, he also motioned for silence, and wanted to make a surprise attack to see if Fang Ziling was rigorous in his studies.

The female officials did not dare to disobey, and without notification, they let Zhu Shuren enter quietly, and saw a long-lost figure, also wearing a square scarf and a scholar's uniform.

As expected, Fang Ziling didn't feel it. When he entered, Fang Ziling was still facing a strange copper and iron machine in a porcelain tube, holding a ledger to record data.

Zhu Shuren glanced at it casually, and found that the machine was a shell bracket of a porcelain cylinder. There were layers of nested ravines on the inner wall of the shell, and thin and soft red copper pillars wrapped in natural rubber paint wrapped around it. Odd-shaped magnet mechanism.

Although it seems that the shape of the generator is still too different from that of later generations, Zhu Shuren can at least recognize what this thing is trying to do. There is no way. The experimental effect of the copper coils of the material rotating and cutting each other".

The people below just messed around to make these things, but anyway, it doesn't cost much, even if the industrial value is not big, it is good for future scientific inspiration.

Zhu Shuren took a few glances, and then said: "When did you come? Mizhi didn't even notify me."

Fang Ziling's hand holding the charcoal pen trembled, and it condensed on the notebook. The nib of the charcoal pen was also broken by this force, and fell off the pen holder wrapped with silk thread.

"Little sister pays homage to the lord. I don't know that the lord is coming. If I'm rude, I still look at the sea." After taking a deep breath, Fang Ziling adjusted his mood, and then turned around and saluted.

In Zhu Shuren's heart, he has actually put some thought into these few months. Now that the case of the concubine has just passed, it is time to prepare for the concubine. He also wants to find an opportunity to discuss with Fang Kongxuan and Fang Yizhi.

Unexpectedly, Fang Ziling came to the vicinity of Nanjing first and provided some convenience for contact.

Now that Fang Ziling is so generous, it makes him a little embarrassed, more precisely, a little guilty.

He hurriedly changed the topic, and first asked the other party how he was doing recently and whether he was getting used to it: "Zi Ling, you and I have been friends for several years, how could you not know that you have read so many books, and you even know these things? Brother Mi is really, how come?" Let you worry about this."

Fang Ziling smiled generously, and sat down in the seat next to him: "Although I don't like these, as long as it can be clearly written in the book, what can't I learn? What my brother can understand, my little sister will always be able to spend more time." I understand. Just think about it again.”

While talking, she also took a manuscript from the desk, which was Fang Yizhi's unfinished "Physics". It can be seen that Fang Ziling's beautiful handwriting also added and annotated a lot of content on it.

It can only be said that the scientific and technological works of this era stay more at the level of natural history and experience, and at most add some so-called law summaries similar to Tan Xuan. It is not difficult for people who read a lot to understand, as long as the thinking is not rigid.

Zhu Shuren took a few glances, praised a few words by the way, and looked at the prototype of the machine in front of him, asking Fang Ziling to demonstrate it.

Of course, Fang Ziling did not make this machine. It can even be said that she has nothing to do with the design process. She is only responsible for recording the experimental data after completion and summarizing the failure phenomena.Then someone will change it.

Fang Ziling was also frank, and was not in a hurry to change the subject. Instead, he demonstrated very attentively. It seemed that he was indeed curious about this job.

"It's not easy to demonstrate. Please trouble the prince to push the tread wheel on the shaft connected to the magnet, let the magnetic shaft rotate, and then you can see that there is a slight change in the suction force at the connected coil, which can suck up the iron sand. .”

Zhu Shuren followed the directions and looked over. Sure enough, this strange machine was unable to transmit electricity over long distances. The thick copper wires wrapped in natural rubber paint from the machine windings could only be drawn out a few feet away, and then twisted into a coil. Iron sand is placed under the coil.

This scene is a bit like those children's power generation experiments seen in the science and technology museums of later generations, where people can generate electricity by riding a bicycle, but the machine in front of them is much clumsier and simpler.

Zhu Shuren began to pedal the bicycle as usual, and he saw the iron sand below the coil in the distance jumping slightly, up and down.

It's just that the electromagnetic force output by pedaling is very weak and unstable. If Zhu Shuren continues to pedal at a constant speed, the magnetic force will soon disappear, and the iron sand will fall again.

He hasn't realized it yet, because the children's experiments in the science and technology museums of later generations are all for children to pedal at a constant speed, but the electrical appliances in the science and technology museums are all electric lights, which need a steady and constant current to do work. Bright.

Fang Ziling immediately summed up his mistakes based on the experience of the past few months, and pointed out with a smile: "That's not the case, you have to be fast and slow, there will be suction when changing from slow to fast, and there will be suction when changing from fast to slow. There is suction, if you don’t listen to the acceleration and deceleration, the speed will be even and there will be no suction.”

Zhu Shuren was stunned for a moment, and then realized that indeed, the electrical appliances in the Science and Technology Museum of later generations are resistive electrical appliances, while electromagnetic induction is an inductive electrical appliance. The process of changing from big to small.

"Variation of magnetism produces electricity, and transformation of electricity produces magnetism", the key lies in this variable word.

It seems that this thing is really not good for industrial application, and there are too many things to solve.Otherwise, in the future, the waterwheel and windmill will replace human pedaling, and you will not be able to guarantee that the speed of the water flow will continue to change.

Zhu Shuren pedaled consciously, fast and slow. In order to pursue sudden acceleration, he used force sometimes violently. As a result, the iron sand was indeed continuously sucked there, but after a while, the brush ring at the output end of the motor burned.

Fang Ziling quickly called in staff to make repairs, and Zhu Shuren had no choice but to stop the experiment.

The female official in charge of maintenance was still a little worried, and quickly explained that this machine is not usually like this.But Zhu Shuren just patted them on the shoulder gently: "It's okay, it's because Gu was used improperly, after repairing it, it will be optimized, and it didn't cost much money."

After this personal experience, Zhu Shuren also had to admit:

To be honest, if you don’t consider industrial application scenarios, purely for laboratory purposes, the difficulty of “discovering the existence of electricity” is really no higher than building a steam engine.

The steam engine must ensure the processing precision of the piston, cylinder and flywheel crankshaft. The cylinder must be tightly sealed to prevent air leakage. The steam transmission links must be well airtight, and the transmission mechanism must be stable and shock-absorbing. Otherwise, the eccentric inertia will be large. When the machine was turned up, it flew away and was scrapped.

Electromagnetic induction experiments do not require such high precision. Unbalanced coils and unbalanced magnets are nothing more than higher impedance and lower efficiency. However, with the effort of pedaling a bicycle in the laboratory, there is absolutely no danger or death.

The difficulty of electricity does not lie in the machine itself, but in the supporting system engineering.In the laboratory stage, there is no need to consider power storage, power transmission, and power consumption.

Although it may take 50 years or even longer to produce the original magnetic induction motor that can theoretically discover electricity, it may take [-] years or more to produce a stable output motor, but Zhu Shuren did not let them do those.

If you just use electricity to generate magnetism, then the output terminal actually only needs a fixed coil, and you don’t need to do anything, which can be called the lowest difficulty special case.

After all, moving magnetism to generate electricity and transforming electricity to generate magnetism are the steps with the lowest requirements for the original industrial foundation. To put it bluntly, it is just a pile of copper and magnets wound into a specific shape.

In history, the steam engine appeared 80 to [-] years earlier than the generator. That is just an accident of history. It does not mean that the steam engine is more difficult than the generator, and there is no need for Zhu Shuren to copy history.

It is just because the discovery of electromagnetic induction is quite accidental, and the follow-up research on electricity needs to produce value and benefits, and the supporting facilities required are much more complicated than steam engine power. It is difficult in itself.

Just like in the 2020s, some people still think that electric vehicles are new energy sources, but in fact, everyone who knows a little bit of engineering principles knows that electric vehicles appeared earlier than internal combustion locomotives in the early days, and there were motor-driven vehicles before the gasoline engine was born.It's just that there are many supporting technologies for electricity use, so it can't be promoted. It is still the same until now. Who makes charging and changing batteries more troublesome than refueling at gas stations?

Although machines such as steam engines and diesel engines are much more complicated than electric motors, as long as the steam engine and diesel engine are built, even if there is no supporting system and facilities (of course, fuel must be available), a machine can directly form productivity by itself, while the electric motor only has " If there is no supporting equipment, it is a waste.

Zhu Shuren can definitely create a primitive magnetic induction motor, just like the one he saw now, and then improve it a little bit.It's just that no other power application scenarios can be found within 150 years after it was built, and it didn't cost much anyway.

But in any case, relying on the machine in front of him, Zhu Shuren has seen a few conclusions in Fang Yizhi's "Physics" manuscript: "Electricity does not generate magnetism, magnetism does not generate electricity, magnetism generates electricity, and electricity changes to generate magnetism." ".

It is enough to be able to realize that electricity and magnetism are mutually generated, but they are not natural. They can only be generated in the process of changes in size and direction, and static stability cannot be generated.

At least this is the "principle of electromagnetic induction" on a qualitative level. The difference from the "law of electromagnetic induction" is only the physical quantities in the formulas, which cannot be calculated quantitatively. Who makes us lag behind in mathematics (Zhu Shuren He also learned formulas in high school in his previous life, but he has not practiced them for many years and has forgotten them. He only remembers the principles and does not know how to do calculations.)

But this qualitative scientific discovery itself can inspire latecomers to explore, and it is worth a thousand dollars.

……

These science-inspired nonsense things are really a bit of a shame right now, but whoever let Zhu Shuren see Fang Ziling again, even in such an embarrassing environment, can't get around it.

As the female officials of the research institute removed the burnt-out machines, cleaned them up, and recorded data, Fang Ziling finally led Zhu Shuren to another office that was purely used as a study. There were no machines or experimental equipment, and it looked very refreshing.

Zhu Shuren was thinking about how to open his mouth, but when he was about to speak, he tried to say: "The last time we said goodbye, it was the 16th year of Chongzhen."

Fang Ziling's eyes flickered for a moment, and he looked sad: "My lord has a good memory."

When Chongzhen was 15 years old, she was 17 years old, and her mother Wu Lingyi once tested her, whether she should marry the Shen family in a hurry.At that time, due to various concerns and delays, she herself declined, saying that there was no rush.

If she had agreed at that time and got married the next year, then at least it would be considered a successful marriage.

Now it has been delayed for another 17 years in Chongzhen, the first and second years of Longwu, three full years at once, and Fang Ziling will soon be 21 years old.

In the Ming Dynasty, what a 21-year-old girl. Fortunately, there was a reason for it, and no one put pressure on her family.

Zhu Shuren also knew that the other party must have remembered his age, and youth is fleeting:
"You are 21 this year. In the past few years, I have been busy with military affairs, and I have to put the rise and fall of the world first. Now that the country is settled, if Ziling does not change your original intention, I will give you an explanation."

Fang Ziling's face turned red, and he quickly returned to normal: "My lord, why did you say that? You should discuss these matters with your father and brother yourself. My little sister is a boudoir girl, how can you discuss this matter yourself! My little sister was also interviewed by my brother this time. Invitation, just come here to learn!"

Zhu Shuren was squeezed out by her righteous words, so he couldn't be more frivolous, so he could only take care of the other party's face, and said domineeringly: "Forget it, it's because this king is neglecting etiquette. I will call my brother to discuss this matter and let him Take the letter back to Uncle Shi."

Fang Ziling turned around and pretended not to hear. Anyway, she just thought she was betrayed by her father and brother.Everything is not what she wants, so she is not ashamed.

However, Zhu Shuren could clearly see that Fang Ziling's expression became much more relaxed when he said the decision domineeringly, and when the two of them calmed down again to discuss academic issues, it seemed that even knowledge could excite her.

……

Zhu Shuren lingered in several research institutes for a whole day. He didn't plan to visit the zoo and botanical garden museum, but since he met Fang Ziling, he must change his itinerary.

How can you bring your girl to study in the laboratory of the research institute all day long? Going to the museum to entertain and teach, to show off your knowledge, and to make the girl worship is also a good pastime.

After a short half-day tour, Fang Ziling, who seemed unfamiliar because he hadn't seen him for three years, also got acquainted with Zhu Shuren again, and had a new understanding and admiration for the erudite views of the prince.It wasn't until dusk that Zhu Shu asked the female official to take her back to the institute.

It seems that in the field of academic research in the future, the appointment of women can be moderately relaxed.Daming originally had court ladies, as well as female generals like Qin Liangyu, why can’t women be employed in those non-managerial academic positions? It’s not a job that shows a lot of publicity, and it can be done behind closed doors to learn and experiment.

With these wild thoughts in mind, Zhu Shuren returned to the place where he was staying and rested randomly for the night.

Early the next morning, Gu Yanwu reported that Zheng Chenggong and his party had arrived.Zhu Shuren sobered up for a while, temporarily put everything yesterday behind him, and began to seriously worry about state affairs again.

"Quickly call Brother Zheng Xian to see me. I'm about to discuss with him some precautions for combating miasma in the army."