Civilization Template

Chapter 107 Black Hole Universe
Department of Physics, Office.

Associate Professor Wang Wenfang is correcting homework submitted by sophomores.

"University Physics" is a compulsory course for all engineering students, and Wang Wenfang is also responsible for the classroom teaching of some undergraduates.

"Professor Wang?"

The door of the open office was knocked by a young student.

"Are you here to hand in your homework?"

Seeing the familiar face of the visitor, Wang Wenfang thought it was his student.The physics class is taught in large classes, and most of the students, Wang Wenfang can't name them.

"No, I'm a freshman, and our physics class won't start until the next semester."

Cheng Xing quickly explained.

"Oh? Then you find me."

"That's right. I have some ideas about astrophysics. I want to write a paper and ask you for advice."

After receiving many stimuli, and after communicating with Yunli, she was encouraged.The more Cheng Xing thought about it, the more he felt that his theory made sense.So I kept going, preparing to turn it into words and publish it.

Let the world know your own excellence.I am definitely not someone's shadow.

"You want to publish a paper?"

Wang Wenfang looked at the other party's youthful face in surprise.Freshman, want to publish a thesis?Could it be
"You are Chen Quan!"

Wang Wenfang slapped the table. "No wonder I think your face is familiar. I often see news about you in newspapers and on TV."

If someone says they want to publish a paper in their freshman year, it must be wishful thinking.

But Chen Quan, who has just published a series of papers in the field of MEMS, is obviously not included.Not to mention, Chen Quan won the gold medal in the Physics Olympiad when he was in high school.

"I"

Cheng Xing almost didn't come up in one breath.

"I'm not Chen Quan! I'm Cheng Xing, a student majoring in testing."

"Oh. Chengxing? You two really look alike."

Wang Wenfang immediately lost interest, but she still asked politely: "Why do you want to publish a paper?"

Although he sensed the other party's attitude, from enthusiasm to indifference, Cheng Xing was still elated, and he said what he said to Yun Li.

"okokokok."

Wang Wenfang nodded as she listened, as an encouragement.

"I just wondered, could it be the Big Bang Theory, which itself is simply wrong."

Because of Professor Wang's attitude of approval all the time, Cheng Xing's confidence gradually recovered.

"You came up with all these yourself?"

Although Wang Wenfang's sources of information are more extensive, it is the first time she has heard of some of Cheng Xing's views. After all, she is not engaged in astronomy.

"Basically all. I have only read a few popular science magazines, and I haven't checked other materials."

"That's all very well, though."

"But what?"

An ominous feeling rose in Cheng Xing's heart.

"In fact, some people have long been dissatisfied with the Big Bang Theory. From the first day of the birth of the Big Bang Theory, there have been people who have kept attacking it. But it is useless to blame alone."

Wang Wenfang, who deals with undergraduates all the year round, is very patient. "If you want to overthrow the big bang theory, you need a more reasonable alternative theory. And we don't have such a theory at present."

"Yes. Yes. I have an alternative theory."

Cheng Xing's eyes lit up with excitement.

"Oh? You have an alternative theory?"

Wang Wenfang narrowed her eyes, and looked again. The person in front of her, because of Chen Quan's relationship, was a little familiar. "Tell me!"

"Look, this is a schematic diagram of a black hole."

Cheng Xing took out a few blank sheets of paper that he had drawn on from his bag.

"According to the traditional understanding, a black hole is a star that is continuously attracted by its own gravity and formed by continuous collapse.

When the collapse continues continuously and finally becomes smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, does the collapse continue?If it continues to collapse, won't it form a black hole inside a black hole?

If it does not continue to collapse, what force stops the collapse? "

Cheng Xing talked eloquently.

(The Schwarzschild radius is a critical radius eigenvalue that exists in any matter with mass. An object whose actual radius is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is called a black hole.)
"Interesting, let's go on."

Wang Wenfang was not in a hurry to deny it.After all, the problem Cheng Xing mentioned is a classic problem in the physics world.

The world within the singularity, no one can explain.

General relativity stops at singularities.Inside the singularity, all laws of physics break down.

In his later years, Einstein even denied the existence of black holes.

"I also drew a diagram."

Cheng Xing took out another piece of paper.There is a large circle on the paper, and there is a point A in the circle.

"Let's assume now that point A is a luminous object. According to the principle of black holes, the light it emits will eventually point to the center of the black hole. Because all light cannot escape the gravity of the black hole. Right." Cheng Xing gestured on the paper.

"Correct!"

Wang Wenfang became interested.

"According to the principle of reversible light path, if we replace the luminous object at point A with an observer, all the light he sees is actually emitted from the center of the black hole. Right?"

"Um?."

Wang Wenfang became more and more interested. "Yes! Go on!"

"In the eyes of observer A inside the black hole, he will find that no matter which direction he looks, up, down, left, right, front, and back, it is the center of the black hole! For creatures inside the black hole, the black hole In fact, the space inside the black hole is surrounded!"

The more Cheng Xing talked, the more excited he became.

"That is to say, in the space structure inside the black hole, it is the gravitational force of the black hole that supports the inner space. The gravitational force of the black hole no longer attracts objects together, but separates them.

In general relativity, gravity can warp space-time, and inside a black hole, gravity not only warps but shapes space-time.Gravity exists in all directions simultaneously.The black hole is no longer a point in the three-dimensional concept, it is the space itself. "

"Interesting hypothesis."

Wang Wenfang nodded in approval. "But what does this theory have to do with the bunch of problems you mentioned earlier, the Big Bang Theory?"

"I think that our current universe is in a black hole."

"Oh?"

Wang Wenfang has heard similar black hole universe hypotheses.Its core point of view, that is, the universe, many characteristics, all meet the basic conditions for forming a black hole.

Sure enough, Cheng Xing also brought up the same point of view.

"Based on the total mass in the universe, we can deduce that the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole in this universe is 1500 billion light-years, which has far exceeded the actual radius of the observable universe of 460 billion light-years. Therefore, our universe, Just being in a black hole."

After finishing speaking, Cheng Xing looked at Wang Wenfang with hopeful eyes, hoping for an affirmative answer.

"Um"

Wang Wenfang pondered for a moment, and at the same time raised her voice.

With years of experience in dealing with undergraduates, she will not directly dissuade students from their enthusiasm.

"Your idea of ​​black hole gravity is, to be honest, a very interesting hypothesis, but it's only a hypothesis because we can't prove it."

"Oh?"

Cheng Xing felt bad.

"According to your thinking, if our universe itself is a black hole and a closed three-dimensional space, the universe we observe should not be flat. But this is not consistent with the current observation results."

(In Euclidean geometry of flat space, the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°. But if on a sphere or a surface with positive curvature, the interior angles will add up to more than 180°. And on a hyperboloid or a curvature of On a negative surface, the sum of the interior angles of a triangle will be less than 180°. The principle of the geometric measurement method is to use the observer as a vertex, and then select two points in space to form a triangle. If we can measure the length of the three sides , this unique triangle can be determined in Euclidean geometry, and the size of its vertex angle can be calculated. On the other hand, we can also obtain the size of the vertex angle we are in through direct observation, which is comparable to the calculated value ratio, you can determine whether it is consistent, or larger or smaller.

If the observed value of this vertex angle is equal to the calculated value (true value), it indicates that the universe is a flat three-dimensional Euclidean space; if the observed value is greater than the calculated value, it indicates that light travels on a positive curvature surface, that is, the universe is spherical; If the observed value is smaller than the calculated value, it indicates that the universe is a hyperboloid of negative curvature. )
"Could it be that the scale of the current universe is too large, and our observation tools are not accurate enough, even if the space is closed, we can't observe it?"

Cheng Xing guessed.

"Maybe. Who knows?"

Wang Wenfang shrugged. "But so far, all the observational evidence is against your theory. In addition, your theory can't explain the Hubble redshift phenomenon. There is no problem with the universe being a black hole, but why does this black hole keep expanding. The Hubble redshift phenomenon is the strongest support point for the big bang theory."

(Hubble redshift phenomenon: The spectrum of light emitted by stars far away from us will shift towards the red end, confirmed by Hubble.)
"But the Big Bang Theory, there are so many problems!"

Cheng Xing tried to argue.

"The big bang has many problems, but it doesn't mean it is wrong. Unless you can find another way to explain all the problems that the big bang theory has explained, then it is possible to replace the big bang theory."

"Okay, I'll go back and do some research."

Cheng Xing did not continue to push the bull.

He wants to take a closer look at this cosmic redshift, what is going on.

Maybe I really need to go to the library to check the information.

"In addition, the big bang theory not only solves the phenomenon of cosmic expansion, it also solves the problem of cosmic microwave background radiation."

"What is the cosmic microwave background radiation problem?"

"Look, you don't even know about the cosmic microwave background radiation, so you want to negate the big bang theory rashly, don't you take it for granted?"

"."

Cheng Xing was so shocked that he was a little speechless.

"In addition to the problem of cosmic microwave background radiation, the big bang also has good explanations for many phenomena, such as the abundance of hydrogen in the universe, etc. If you want to overthrow the big bang theory, you must give alternative explanations for these problems."

"oh, I get it."

Cheng Xing was completely wilted.

He even planned to give up until the last sentence of Professor Wang Wenfang:

"It doesn't matter, not everyone can become Chen Quan. Don't be too obsessed with temporary gains and losses. Your current task is to study hard and lay a solid foundation."

"clear."

Cheng Xing said it clearly, but his fighting spirit was rekindled in his heart.

Just as he was about to leave the office, Wang Wenfang's soliloquies came from behind him. "A child with a lot of aura, it would be great if he majored in physics. It's a pity."

Cheng Xing's feet were condensed, and he almost fell down.

(End of this chapter)