Bury the Qing Dynasty

Chapter 1 Wedges Same time, different era
In 1799, two heads of state died in this year, one was Emperor Qianlong and the other was George Washington.

When it comes to Qianlong, everyone thinks that this is an ancient figure, but when it comes to Washington, everyone thinks that this is a modern figure.

In fact, the following people and events all happened during the Qianlong period:
In 1755 (the 20th year of Qianlong), in order to crack down on the cronies in the court and China, Qianlong pointed out that the poem "Jian Mo Sheng Shi Chao" by Hu Zhongzao, a student of Ertai, meant to insult the Qing Dynasty. He was sentenced to beheaded.

At the same time, Queen Elizabeth of Russia promulgated an edict to establish Moscow University, and the highest institution of higher learning in Russia was established.

In March of the same year, Immanuel Kant published "An Introduction to the History of the Development of the Universe", and the nebula hypothesis was born, which is the first scientific hypothesis about the origin and evolution of the solar system in human history.

Later, when the British envoys sent the astronomical telescope used to discover nebulae to the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong felt that it was no different from the telescope he usually used for hunting, so he named it "telescope".

Along with the "telescope", there were also hot air balloons and globes. Unfortunately, none of these "Western gadgets" could inspire Qianlong. "Foreigners" kneel three times and kowtow nine times.

In the 30th year of Qianlong (1765), the noble concubine Wei succeeded in ascending the throne and was named the imperial concubine by the Jin Dynasty.Just when the Qing embroidered lady in "Story of Yanxi Palace" "turned against the wind", in the faraway Lancashire, England, a weaver James Hargreaves got Inspiration, created the first spinning jenny——

It was eight times more efficient than the old spinning wheel, and this invention became the beginning of the British Industrial Revolution.

In the 33rd year of Qianlong (1768), perhaps at this time, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was still making Chinese clothes by hand overnight for the imperial concubine who favored Zhenglong. At this time, Richard Arkwright had invented the scroll spinning in England. Yarn machine, which evolved manual spinning into hydraulic spinning, and the spinning industry gradually began to transition from a handicraft workshop to a large factory industry.

In the 40th year of Qianlong (1775), there seemed to be no major events in the Qing palace, but in the distant United States, the War of Independence broke out.

In the 41st year of Qianlong (1776), the imperial concubine passed away due to illness, and her posthumous posthumous title was Ling Yi, the imperial concubine. So far, sister Wei, who dominated the harem in "Story of Yanxi Palace", has gone offline.

In the year when Sister Wei went offline, the Declaration of Independence was signed in the United States, which also became the beginning of the establishment of the United States. Americans at that time should not have imagined that their motherland would grow into a superpower hundreds of years later. can affect the world.

By the way, two years after Sister Wei went offline, Joseph Brahm invented the flush toilet. Unfortunately, Sister Wei, who used to wash toilets in Yongxiang in the Qing Dynasty, would no longer know about it. There will never be a shortage of minions who clean the toilet.

In the 44th year of Qianlong (1779), the garden of Prince Gong's Mansion of He Shen, a bachelor and first-class public (and a corrupt official), began to be built.

In Britain, Samuel Crompton, who was born as a child laborer, invented the mule spinning machine in this year, which brought the British spinning industry to a higher level - the cotton yarn spun by this machine is soft and fine, far superior On spinning jenny and reel spinning machines.

In the 45th year of Qianlong (1780), Qianlong began his fifth southern tour, and then he betrothed his favorite emperor's ten daughters Gulun and Princess Xiao to Heshen's son Fengshen Yinde. In July, the Panchen Lama VI went to the Summer Resort to meet Emperor Qianlong in the Qingkuang Hall, presented golden Buddha statues, ritual utensils, Dharani sutra quilts, etc., to celebrate Emperor Qianlong's birthday, and passed away in the capital.

At this time, the Qing Dynasty looked peaceful, but the outside world had turned upside down—the first naval battle of Cape St. Vincent broke out that year, and Britain defeated Spanish warships.Subsequently, Russia established an armed neutral alliance with some European powers to jointly deal with the British attack at sea.

In the 48th year of Qianlong (1783), Emperor Qianlong made his fourth eastward tour to Shengjing to pay homage to the ancestral mausoleum.Although the emperors of all dynasties used the east tour to inspect the people's sentiments, deploy the military, reward and punish officials, and supervise the governance, but because Qianlong liked to arrange faces, it was inevitable that this east tour would waste a lot of money and people.

At the time when Qianlong was on a tour to the East, Americans were still working hard for national independence—American negotiators John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay submitted the Treaty of Paris to Congress, which included Britain's recognition of American independence, And delineated key terms such as boundaries.

In the same year, the Montgolfier brothers successfully conducted the first manned flight experiment.

In January of the 49th year of Qianlong (1784), the American War of Independence officially ended. In order to express support for the new American republic, "The college located in New York City, which was previously known as King's College, will always be called King's College from now on. Columbia College", which is the dream school of many people today - Columbia University.

In February, China and the United States conducted the first direct trade. The Americans who had just got rid of British rule drove the ocean-going sailing ship "Empress of China" to dock at Guangzhou Port.

The Americans spent US$12 on this trade, but the net profit was only more than US$3.However, this deal is also considered a great value for the United States-they finally got rid of the British monopoly in international trade and opened a trade route to China.

In the 50th year of Qianlong (1785), at this time, the Qing Dynasty was peaceful and the world was prosperous. It happened that Qianlong wanted to add the grandson of the fifth generation. There were 3000 old people attending the banquet, and a large number of them died after returning.

And just when Qianlong held the Qianlong Banquet of "Enlong etiquette, an unprecedented move", the British had entered another era-the age of machines and steam.Watt improved the steam engine and began to use it as the power of textile machinery, which was also the symbol of the first industrial revolution.

It is a pity that the gears of the times did not bring the Qing Dynasty.

What happened in the future, just like Empress Fucha in "Story of Yanxi Palace" said: "One wrong step, one wrong step".

In the 54th year of Qianlong (1789), the 78-year-old Qianlong, although he has been in contact with the globe, Parker lens and even the heliocentric theory, and knows that people have traveled around the entire earth, he still turns a deaf ear to the changes in the outside world and concentrates on improving and consolidating With his autocratic rule.

It was also in this year that King Louis XVI of France on the other side of the ocean held a three-level meeting, but it was dissolved because the third level (bourgeoisie, urban civilians, peasants, etc.) had objections to their representation.

In July, the Bastille, a symbol of French feudal autocratic rule, was captured by Parisians, and the French Revolution broke out.

On August 8, the French National Constituent Assembly passed the "August Act", and the nobles and priests lost their privileges, and then the "Declaration of Human Rights" with constitutional effect was published.

In October, French women formed a parade to ask government officials to solve food shortages and economic problems. At the same time, they asked the royal family and the government to move to Paris to show their sincerity in solving the problems.In the end, the king moved from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace in Paris in accordance with public opinion.

That same year, Washington became the first president of the United States.

In the 58th year of Qianlong (1793), the people of the Qing Dynasty were still living in the cage of autocratic rule that Qianlong carefully reinforced for them.The French National Assembly had already executed King Louis XVI for treason, followed by Queen Marie Antoinette.

In that year, there were still 8 years before Qianlong abdicated, and he was inevitably aging.

Along with Qianlong, the Qing Dynasty, which had been ruled by Aixinjueluo for hundreds of years, was aging together. The world has completely abandoned this closed country and entered another era, and the rulers here are still ignoring the suffering of the people. In his own "Kang and Qian Dynasty".

And after another 50 years, things like electric lights and telegraphs began to appear in the world.

And later... the majestic 5000-year-old King was forcibly turned into bronze.

Shenzhou Lu Shen.

In 1689 (the 28th year of Kangxi), Suo'etu signed the "Treaty of Nerchinsk" with Tsarist Russia as "China's Great Sage Emperor (dulimbai gurun i enduringge hūwangdi) imperial envoy, minister of demarcation, minister of state affairs, minister of guard and interior minister", demarcating the Outer Northeast Border, ceded territory of 43.15 square kilometers.

In 1727 (the fifth year of Yongzheng), on July 10th, Qing Russia signed the "Treaty of Brensky", and on the seventh day of September, signed the "Treaty of Kyakta", ceding about [-] square kilometers of territory in the south and southwest of Lake Baikal. Delineate the border of Uliasutai (Outer Mongolia).

Qian Deaf, who calls himself Shiquan Old Dog, did not sign the land cession treaty, but because of the Battle of Jinchuan and Burma, Qian Deaf chose to sit back and watch Russia occupy Sakhalin Island.

In 1842 (the 22nd year of Daoguang), China and Britain signed the Treaty of Nanjing, ceding Hong Kong Island to Britain.

In 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng), China and Russia signed the "Treaty of Aigun", in which China ceded more than [-] square kilometers of land south of the Waixing'an Mountains, and the territory of the Qing Dynasty east of the Ussuri River was designated as jointly administered by Qing and Russia.

In 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing, burned the Old Summer Palace, and signed the "Beijing Treaty", ceding the southern part of the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain. Recovered in 1997.

In 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng), the Sino-Russian "Beijing Treaty" was signed, and about 40 square kilometers of land east of the Ussuri River, including Sakhalin Island (Sakhalin Island), was ceded to Russia.

In 1864 (the third year of Tongzhi), China and Russia signed the "Sino-Russian Exploration and Division of the Northwest Boundary", which divided the Pamirs in the extreme west of Xinjiang (including: the southeast of Lake Balkhash, the west of Ili, and the east of the Penchi River) Pamir and other regions) 45 square kilometers were ceded to Russia.

In 1887 (the 13th year of Guangxu), the "Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peace and Commerce" was signed, and China agreed to Portugal's "permanent residence and management of Macau". Returned to the motherland in 1999.

In 1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu), China and the United Kingdom signed the "Special Articles on the Expansion of Hong Kong's Boundaries", and leased the New Territories near Hong Kong to the United Kingdom for 99 years.

In 1895 (the 21st year of Guangxu), China and Japan signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki", ceding Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan, and after World War II, they were taken over by the government of the Republic of China.

In 1911, after the outbreak of the Revolution of [-], the Outer Mongolia authorities of the Qing Dynasty signed the "Russia-Mongolia Treaty" with Russia, and the Republic of China lost control of Outer Mongolia, but "in name" it was still the "territory" of the Republic of China.

In 1945, the government of the Republic of China signed the "Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance" with the former Soviet Union, agreeing to the independence of Outer Mongolia based on the results of the referendum.The following year, independence was recognized.

Cheng Shanzhi, a modern scholar, counted the land cut off by the Qing Dynasty in "Talks of the Qing Dynasty's Cessation of Land":
"A total of 190 million square miles, the area is eight times that of today's Japan, six times that of Germany, and nine times that of Italy. If it is added to the vassal state, the western tributary state Guhan is 12 square miles. Eastern Korea is 38 square miles. Square miles. South Vietnam, 39 square miles. Burma, 280 square miles. Totally [-] square miles. Lost so much. Almost two-fifths of the country.”

Therefore, it is no wonder that later generations wrote the famous He Daqing Wannian Absolute.

Hong Kong is cut off today, Aihui is cut off tomorrow, and Maguan is cut off from Taiwan Island.Thousands of miles of rivers and mountains rise in smoke, only one person celebrates!
Bran Xie Nibuchu, Yongzheng Qiaktu, the prodigal is no more than Lafayette.The territory of the Qing Empire shrinks, and every time there is a long life, there will be no borders!
(End of this chapter)