Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1498 Final Chapter Ninety-Three Years (Sixteen)

If one had to characterize the issues discussed by those who discussed Dashun's internal Zikouchao Pass next to Liu Yu's coffin, it might be evaluated with a very harsh sentence: it has only theoretical significance, but no practical significance.

Theoretical significance exists, and letting go of the Chaoguanzikou is "progress" compared to continuing to maintain the Chaoguanzikou.

In theory, there is nothing to argue about.

This is true whether it is the theory of the Wealth of Nations, the theory of the Physiocratic School, or Dashun's own continuation of Liu Yu's out-of-context crooked theories.

Regarding this "progressive" issue, Lao Ma specifically talked about this "appearing progressive behavior" issue when he opposed Bakunin's disintegration of families and the abolition of inheritance rights.

Family disintegration, socialization, abolition of inheritance rights, etc. should be the result of social transformation, not the starting point of social transformation.

Regarding the abolition of the right of inheritance, Lao Ma said this: [As an economic measure, this will not bring any benefits.This provokes a fury which is bound to meet an almost irrepressible resistance which is bound to lead to reaction.Even if this demand were declared at the moment of revolution, the general level of consciousness would not necessarily guarantee its support.]

[On the other hand, if the working class were powerful enough to abolish inheritance, it would also be strong enough to effect expropriation, since expropriation would be a much simpler and more effective measure.]

【Abolish the right of inheritance, but it will make everything messy, and it will not achieve any purpose】

The principle is actually the same at this time.

It is almost the same reason, of course, its logic core is different, but its form can be used.

which is:
If demonetization is locked down as an economic measure at this time, it will do little good.This would arouse a fury which must meet an almost irrepressible resistance which must lead to reaction...

On the other hand, if the bourgeoisie is strong enough to withstand the resistance of the [-]-[-] million small-scale farmers and handicraftsmen, then it is strong enough to implement the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, and the emperor still needs it?Want to improve the dry hammer?Since the resistance of the two to three billion small peasant economies and craftsmen can be suppressed, it will be a much simpler and more effective measure to directly seize power and implement rule.

Abolishing Chaoguanzikou directly will throw everything into chaos and trigger a huge resistance.

This is obvious.

So, this is a theoretically progressive form, but in practice it can lead to reactionary consequences.

The 18th century had 18th-century forms of transforming society, and the 20th century had 20th-century forms of transforming society.

In this era, Dashun did have about two-fifths of the world's population, and in fact the total industrial and agricultural output value accounted for about 50% or even higher of the world.

However, some output values ​​are meaningless for business, trade, transactions, and capital appreciation.

For example, in Nanyang Prefecture, Henan Province, the per capita land is about 4 mu, and the yield per mu is about 1.2 shi.

Then there are 100 mu of land here, with 25 people on it, and a total of 120 shi of grain was produced.

The problem is that these 25 people also have to eat, so in the end, it is not worth 120 stones for the meaningful "surplus product" of the new era.

When calculating the gross value of industrial and agricultural production, it is calculated according to 120 shi.So if you calculate it this way, Dashun does account for more than half of the world's total industrial and agricultural output value.

But the problem is the surplus products that can be used for commodity exchange, and Dashun is far behind.

In addition, a series of problems such as the over-developed internal cottage handicraft industry and high land rents made Dashun's internal market very narrow.

In fact, it is a very simple matter: insufficient resources per capita.

If there is only a family of five on this 100 mu of land, can the inexhaustible food be sold?Or grow some economic crops such as cotton for your own food and trade them?Can this family of five sell an extra three feet of cloth, buy an extra five catties of iron, and pull an extra length of red-headed rope for the New Year?

But the reality now is that 100 people are stuffed on this 25 mu of land.People have to eat, and there is very little surplus after eating.And most of the surplus may go to a landlord.

Is this internal market likely to be large?
Things have to be analyzed in detail.

If you want to say that World War II is over, the age of great exploration has long passed, and the land has already been determined, then what is the biggest problem under these realistic conditions, which is different from now.

But the current situation is that Dashun has grabbed a handful of the tail of the age of great navigation, and there are indeed a lot of arable land in his hands. The problem is that this kind of "per capita" is meaningless, because it is really going to people can't go.This is the biggest problem facing Dashun under the current conditions.

Specific situations and specific analysis must not be done in a hurry.

From the perspective of future generations, what do you think the land has?Properly develop industry and commerce?Look at the United States, so developed, doesn't its agricultural output value only account for 1% of the total output value?
The problem is that the present is the present and the future is the future.

Now, in the whole world, if one counts as one, which one does not account for the highest total output value of agriculture?
In this era, the knowledge of "land is the mother of wealth", "only land can generate value-added", "physiocratic school" and so on has become prominent learning for a while, which is also in line with the current social existence.

Social existence determines social consciousness. In this era of "land is the mother of wealth", agricultural surplus is the only possibility for market expansion.

People, who really have no clothes or shoes to wear, can also go to the riverside grass pond to gather a handful of reed hair and use the reed hair to make shoes, which is very common in some areas at this time.

And if people don’t have something to eat, that’s absolutely impossible.Everything is for eating, everything must be full first, this is the biggest reason at this time.

There are two ways to eat and eat.

Or, technological advancement.The water conservancy facilities keep up, the fertilizers are rubbed out, and the improved seeds are produced. The yield of 800 catties of wheat per mu is considered a poor harvest.

Or, expand the planting area and expand the area of ​​cultivated land.North America, the Western Regions, Australia, the Northeast, and the Southeast Asia are cultivated.

The former is the solution for the future.

The latter is the least ridiculous and most likely solution under the current situation.

However, with the current traffic conditions and transportation capacity, talking about ideas such as "building large plantations in North America, importing food, and reaching the per capita satiation line" is purely non-human, or thinking that food can pass through wormholes Direct shipping to everywhere.

In fact, this is a question of comparison.

Now, relatively speaking.

Is rubbing out fertilizer easy?Or is it easier to expand the area of ​​cultivated land?

Obviously, the latter.

Then, the area of ​​arable land will be expanded and the total grain output will increase.

Is it easy to let food without long legs go to all parts of the country?Or is it easier for people with long legs to go to places where they can grow food?

Obviously, the latter.

Of course, in reality, none of these problems are easy.

But even if it is not easy, it can be scored in the third, sixth or ninth grades, such as "it can be done with hard work now" and "it can't be done in at least 30 or [-] years without hard work".

The increase in per capita arable land is of great benefit to Dashun.

Capital needs a market, and the more resources per capita, the bigger the market.

The problem is that capital is profit-seeking, short-sighted, and disorderly.

You tell the capital, you use the capital to relocate people.When the market expands in the future, won't you sell more of your stuff?

Capital, however, is not alone.

Therefore, A feels, hey, this is a great plan that benefits the country and me, and I will pay for it and immigrate.

B thinks, A is such an idiot, he spent his capital on immigration, and I just used the money on industrial expansion, which saves you from competing with me.

So, there are two solutions.

One, as Liu Yu did at the beginning, relocation made capital profitable.For example, Nanyang develops rice and sugarcane, North America digs gold, and north of Songliao grows soybeans.

If it is not profitable, then all the conditions are prepared: lack of railways?Xiu; Is there Indian sugar competition?off...

The other is to make capital submit to human will, so that people can manipulate capital and move against the natural law of "water flowing downward".

For example, organize the capital and power of the society to forcibly complete the immigration process.

And this goes back to the question of "China" and "Chinese".

If the Chinese have an advantage in the Pacific Rim, it doesn't make much sense to do it now.The population base has already reached, even if Dashun collapses in an instant, the Chinese in Southeast Asia and North America can hold on and hold on.

The problem is, if people in Henan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Gansu and other places are regarded as human beings, their future is also considered.

So, the former way is obviously unrealistic.

People are going to be born, the population base is here, and diseases such as smallpox can already be prevented. No matter how one year, 1% of the population has to be removed to basically maintain the per capita three or four mu of land. This is approximately at this time population growth rate.

In the United Kingdom when the Puritans were expelled to North America before, 1%, or 5 people a year.It's not a big problem, even if they are all caught in debt prison and sent to the official ship, they can still afford it.

But in Dashun, 1%, with such a population base, what is the concept?
350 million.

Even if Dashun is desperately developing industry and commerce, can it absorb 350 million people a year to engage in industry and commerce?
At the end of the first industrial revolution in history, how many people are there in the total industrial population of the world?

Therefore, if the relocation is not at the rate of 500 million per year, it will basically not solve the problem of insufficient per capita resources in Dashun.

And the migration of 500 million people a year, especially in this era when the steamship was just emerging... how should I put it, this is quite scary.

In this era, any country that can organize the migration of millions of people across three to five thousand miles every year can scare the rest of the world.

Only relying on the profit-seeking nature of capital, by alienating people into some kind of goods that generate surplus value, that is, Liu Yu's previous policy, will definitely not work.

Because surplus value occurs in production and is realized in circulation.

Five million people are alienated every year, so how big is the market to realize this kind of circulation?
Even if you say that it is so reactionary as to restore slavery.The problem is, even if it is so reactionary that slavery is restored, you get a group of people to go to the west coast of America to plant plantations, what to plant?Who to sell to?Or does this person have a quirk, that he likes cotton and grain piled up in the warehouse, and it feels good to look at it, rather than wanting to turn it into money?

For a piece of land, you need certain conditions, and only under these conditions, it is capital in the capitalist production system, otherwise it is a piece of land.

This condition includes the market, climate, transportation capacity, laborers who have been stripped of the means of production, and the social conditions that maintain laborers’ subordination to capital, such as unclaimed land with no arable land next to it, etc., etc.

So, at this stage, if people in Henan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and other places are regarded as human beings, and we want them to live a good life.

Instead of just setting the goal to make the Han Empire a steam roller, or the Chinese in the Pacific Rim to occupy an absolute advantage.

So, it seems that there is only one possibility to accomplish this.

That is, the state machine, strengthened to the extreme, concentrates social resources, capital, and power to complete this great cause of migrating 500 million people every year.

And to have this kind of national strength strengthened to the extreme, the Dashun Dynasty must be killed first, because the ruling class of the Dashun Dynasty hindered the concentration of social resources and power, and determined the upper limit of the Dashun Dynasty's ability—— It is more than enough to be a steam roller; it is more than enough to establish a new Chinese system based on free trade; but it is definitely not capable of solving the general poverty of two to three hundred million people.

Even, because those [-]-[-] million people may resist after being impacted, it also means that Dashun actually has "the upper limit of industrial and commercial development".

If it goes any higher, it will have to break through the internal barriers, but this will blow up, or Dashun may not dare at all.Therefore, the upper limit is locked - one-third of the world's population cannot complete industrialization under the rule of Dashun, which means that the upper limit will not be too high, because that is one-third of the world's population.

That is to say, the Dashun Dynasty, which has continuously strengthened the centralization of power, has become an obstacle to the more extreme state machinery.

The old system cannot be upgraded to the new system because of the underlying construction.

The old system must be uninstalled first.

Existing railways, factories, land, technology, steel mills, textile mills, etc. are similar to files on non-system disks.

Changing the system does not affect the inheritance of these files.

To achieve this goal, this new system should never be arguing about the issue of Chaoguanzikou at this time, which is only of theoretical significance, but to find the real contradiction and crux of the problem.

One: To understand the differences between Liu Yu and the Yan-Li School who supported Juntian and even believed that Juntian was the most benevolent government in the world.

Equity is a means, not an end.The average field should be used as a political tool to establish grassroots rule, so as to efficiently organize social forces.

Second: We must firmly believe that industry is the solution for the future. It is not necessary to mention the further level. Compared with the present, at least we must achieve the understanding of Hamilton in this era: times have changed, and manufacturing is the foundation of a country. Jefferson's set The country of self-cultivation and peasant morality, which emphasizes agriculture and despise business, will not work.

The third: the final complete abolition of zikou, banknote customs, tariffs, etc., should be the end point of the comprehensive transformation of the world, not the starting point of the transformation of the world.

When the [-]-[-] million people here were still living on three acres of land per capita and relying entirely on handicrafts, they made progress to directly abolishing customs duties and so on.

Or the country's industry has just started, and it is necessary to cancel the tariff protection, and for the sake of justice and progress, it will not hesitate to destroy the country's industry.I would rather cede the land and pay compensation, and I would rather leave countless people unemployed, and stay innocent in the world.

This progress, like the French Physiocrats, is an infantile disease of the natural order.And the natural order is an idealized capitalist society, so it is also the childish disease of capitalism.

At least for now, I can be sure that all restrictions on money and capital will be removed...

[As an economic measure, this does little good.This provokes a fury which is bound to meet an almost irresistible resistance which is bound to lead to reaction]

Fourth: the future is bright, but the road is tortuous.Don't go straight up and down, take two steps forward and one step back when necessary.

For example, the rapid development of industry and commerce has taken two steps.After taking these two steps, it seems that the third step should continue to move forward, directly canceling internal currency gates and various restrictions, because this is progress.However, at this time, not only should we not move forward, but we should take a step back.

Fifth: The leading class must represent the present and the future.Instead of taking Juntian, or even returning to Jingtian, as the ultimate goal.That is to say, at least in terms of class consciousness, it cannot belong to the small peasants or petty bourgeoisie.

However, it must be aware that Dashun is a country of small peasants, and if it wants to accomplish things, it must consider small peasants.Otherwise, it won't work.

Sixth: The goal of concentrating social resources should be set on rent-collecting landlords.These land rents, which are actually several times the total fiscal revenue of Dashun each year, are used as social resources for the Great Eastward Movement.

At this moment, at this moment, this kind of goal is not too much.

It can even be said that this is just a bourgeois revolution of industrial capitalism - the goal is to eliminate possible reactionary resistance inside and expand the world market.

From a historical perspective, Dashun itself has some advantages in the development of industrial capitalism.

These advantages are some traditions that Dashun itself may not have a theoretical and systematic understanding of.

Take, for example, colonial policy.

Historically, 1813 can be regarded as a landmark year for various colonial empires, from the colonial view of commercial capitalism to the colonial view of industrial capitalism.

What is the colonial view of commercial capitalism?

for example.

Java.

Early Dutch rule.

Mandatory planting and compulsory tribute.

Control the spices, cut down the lilac trees, manipulate the prices.

The development of productivity is not considered at all, but the goal is purely commercial profits and the rate of return on commercial capital.

You include some landlords in Dashun, hoarding land and collecting rent instead of improving the land to expand production, which can also be regarded as a kind of thinking of commercial capitalism.

What is the colonial view of industrial capitalism?

Still Java.

During the Anti-French War, the British briefly occupied Java.

Attempts to reform in Java.

The direction of planned reform is:

subdivision.

collect land tax.

Recruitment Law.

The forced planting in the Netherlands is banned, and farmers choose crops to plant spontaneously to expand commodity production.

Of course, less than half a year after the final change, forced planting, tribute, and labor were continued in a desperate manner.

But the ideas, especially the land tax, the labor law, and what the peasants grow after paying the tax and sell them for money, are regarded as symbols of the colonial view of industrial capitalism in the colonies.

The reason why it is said that 1813 in history is a symbolic year when the colonial view of industrial capitalism began to replace the colonial view of commercial capitalism.

Not just Java Reform.

In addition, in this year, the British industrial bourgeoisie defeated the commercial bourgeoisie and aristocratic landowners to a certain extent, and introduced the new "East India Company Charter Act".

The East India Company, originally a representative company of commercial capitalism, had to transform into an external expansion tool of industrial capitalism.

What is a typical example of commercial capitalism: the British woolen textile industry that transported cotton cloth from India protested, and two consecutive administrative decrees banned cotton cloth; robbed various raw materials in India, almost robbed; scraped three feet, I don’t care if you have any here in the future The market, I only consider for the rate of return on business capital...

The new law in 1813 forced the East India Company to transform and become a tool for industrial capital to expand abroad.

To rule, to market, to produce raw materials, to improve the production efficiency of colonies to meet demand...

It is no longer a direct robbery, that is, the robbery system under the dominance of commercial capital that Lao Ma said.

And Dashun because of various historical and realistic factors.

At least, when it comes to colonial issues, there is an obvious colonial view of industrial capitalism.rather than a colonial view of commercial capitalism.

Especially in the Nanyang region of Java, it is most vividly expressed-from the perspective of the 18th century, it is the most industrial capitalist colonial view.

Although Dashun may not be aware of it at the beginning, it is purely a "habit".Or call it the inertia of policy or history: If you don’t know what to do, then follow the domestic mu tax and the idea of ​​emphasizing agriculture.The mu tax was collected, the small-scale peasant economy, the development of production, the expansion of exchange transactions, cotton cloth for rice, cotton and indigo...

　It's all bullshit anyway.Just kidding: Weber's "Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism" is not only a joke, it is better to call it "Protestant Ethics and [Commercial] Capitalism"; and the production model in ancient China can be called "Agricultural Civilization Tradition and Industry Capitalism", and then shoot an arrow and draw a target. The industrial development is relatively good, and there must be a history of good farming.Even the United States, the city on a hill that the Puritans wanted to build in the early days, was educated by tangible saints, and the tiller had land.East Asia developed industry later, and it can be said that this is because the land was well cultivated here in ancient times.This kind of target drawing game can always find the bull's-eye.If Europe is completely bombed one day, there must be a foreign Confucian who looks at East Asia and publishes a book called "Confucian Ethics and Industrialization"?To a certain extent, it is really interesting to hear the saying that there are great Confucianists debating the scriptures after entering the pass.

　　
　
(End of this chapter)