Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1488 Final Chapter Ninety-Three Years ([-])
In fact, there are really many people in the court of Dashun who want to help France a little "sincerely".

Because some old people who "have both theory and practice" who followed Liu Yu in Fusang immigration, diverted the Yellow River, and participated in Li's frontier railway, infrastructure industry and coup after Liu Yu's escape, have not yet completely died out.

This group of people knew very well that something big was going to happen to France.

They may not be able to think of something like a radical republic that "looks like a plague in old Europe", or they may not be worried about it.

Rather, it is interpreted purely from geopolitics and economics.If something serious happened to France, Europe would be completely messed up; and once Europe was messed up, the problem would be passed on to Dashun due to economic factors.

Of course, it is not only the "Physiocrats" or "Natural Order" who are responsible for the "big event" here.

Rather, their opposite, the Kerberism, is actually under the banner of "restructuring in the middle".

Moreover, their reforms laid more minefields than those of the Physiocrats.

How to understand this "Trust-China Restructuring"?

Because Dashun is developing well now, Dashun is right.

The question is, is Dashun's system the natural order of the Physiocrats?Or Colbert's mercantilism?

Because Dashun is developing well now and is the number one empire in the world.

Therefore, in order to reform the system, it must be entrusted.And itself, France is the source of Kerberism in Europe, and France has a strong tradition of Kerberism, which also makes the group of anti-physiocrats hold the double banner of Dashun and Kerberism.

To put it simply, Dashun is not optimistic about the new king of France.

When Liu Yu commented on the previous generation of Dharma kings, many old people of the real school knew this.It is said that Louis XV is a pure opportunist leader, just look at it, it is difficult to correct this opportunistic problem.

Whether it was the idea of ​​putting victory on capturing Hanover and coercing the peace talks with Britain at the beginning, or the failure of Hanover's direction and then throwing a single bet on shipbuilding and landing in Britain, all of them reflect this opportunistic characteristic.

Later, when Dashun ended, France, as the victorious country in World War I, and Louis XV's prestige increased, and he was preparing for reform, which fully demonstrated this opportunistic characteristic.

If you want to reform, you have to move the Paris High Court first-how do you understand this Paris High Court?To use an inappropriate metaphor, in some stories, it is similar to the Eight Kings of the Manchu Qing Dynasty.Don't think that having the name of a high court is a good thing, it's similar to things like the Magna Carta.

Then, as expected, it became opportunistic.It's not ready yet, and the Paris High Court was directly blown away.I didn't prepare for anything, didn't plan in advance, and when my head got hot and I thought there was an opportunity, it was blown away.

Generally speaking, on Dashun's side, the evaluation of Louis XV is not high because of Liu Yu's leadership.

However, whether it is high or not is relatively speaking.

In this generation, Dashun's evaluation of Louis XVI is only two words: Chongzhen.

love reform.

But it's like fucking biscuits.

Today, at the Physiocrats, troubles arise, they are thrown away, and they are all overthrown; they are replaced by the opposite of the Physiocrats, the Colbertism, and troubles arise, then they are smashed out, and they are all toppled; then they are replaced by the Physiocrats...

Reform this thing, how can it be like turning sesame cakes?The policy is changed every three years, and every time it is changed, it is directly reversed?
Such a change, there is no accident?

Moreover, these two factions are all under the banner of "entrusting the central government to reform the system", making Dashun now covered in shit.

If we say that the reform of the Physiocratic School, to use the idiom here in Dashun, it is called "Tuogu Reform".

Then, the reforms carried out by the Colbert faction under the banner of Dashun are purely "fake imitations".

The question of the Physiocrats need not be mentioned here.

The reforms of the Kerber faction are directly related to the conversation Liu Yu had with Li Yan before his departure.

Specific to something more specific, railroads.

To be more specific, it is somewhat similar to the problems Li Yan faced at the beginning: reforming the tax system, reforming the land ownership system, and implementing land equalization, I dare not.

As for the railway, Dashun has set an example, and it has indeed led to the rapid economic development of Dashun in recent years.

Therefore, France also needs to build railways.

Technology is not the problem.

The problem is money.

The reforms of the Physiocrats are intended to directly touch the interests of the old forces.

Turgot's reforms, whether it is the gentry's unified payment of food, the law of conscription, the dismantling of the regional economy in France, the banning of guilds, etc., all touched the interests of the old forces.Moreover, because it was too radical, especially the policy of unlimited grain export, it directly led to the flour war, and thus offended the bottom.

After turning over the biscuits.

How can the Colbert faction come to power?Is it necessary to continue the reform of the Physiocrats and touch the old forces?

Obviously not.

Jacques Necker, who was in charge, saw the economic development of Dashun and the rapid industrialization driven by the railway infrastructure, and felt that this was the way.

The Colbert doctrine itself requires state control, or the government-run economy.

At the same time, I don't want to disturb the old forces.

Then, Necker put forward a slogan called "the people don't add taxes, but the country has enough"-the people here obviously refer to the aristocratic class, because they want to overturn the reforms of the Physiocrats.

Historically, it was because Louis XVI insisted on selling his head to aid the United States.

Aiding the United States costs money.

Where does the money come from?

To a certain extent, Necker's phrase "the people don't pay more, but the country has enough", is really not bragging.At least, during the North American War of Independence, France really did not raise taxes, and Necker really got the money.

What did you do?
Old French tradition.

John Law's set: The Ministry of Finance went directly to engage in financial fraud and blow bubbles.Although it will be bombed sooner or later, when it is not bombed, it has indeed achieved "the people do not add taxes and the country uses enough".

How did this bubble blow?

pension annuity.

The imperial court endorsed and the Ministry of Finance came forward: 10% annual interest, one year to one year to live.If you live for ten years, you will get back your capital; if you live for 20 years, you will make a lot of money.If you want to live for 30 years, then you will take advantage of it.

Necker himself is a financier in Geneva, and his private promise to the financiers in Geneva is even more ridiculous: 13% annual interest!

A total of [-] to [-] million yuan was borrowed. The problem is that if you don't die, you have to pay it back.

Moreover, the annual interest rate is 13%. Basically, in Europe at this time, it can be determined that you are greedy for interest and people want your principal.

In short, either, renege on debts; or, print money to issue banknotes, or repay bonds.

If you want to say that he has not achieved "the people do not add taxes and the country uses enough", then it should be said that he has done it.

But the question is what to do next?

Finance stuff, it's amazing.

As far as the French are concerned, the bubble of John Law has not passed for a long time, and the result is still in the game.

Of course, this is a common situation all over the world. In history, even when the Manchu Qing ruled, a group of people jumped off the building just because of the large-scale real estate development in the concession. In less than ten years, they frantically speculated on mining stocks; The rubber concept stocks that really "believe" in the 50% rate of return have launched the road protection movement in the last wave.

Of course, history has changed here.Because of the post-war situation of World War I, the independence movement in North America was suppressed. Of course, there are factors that France was stuck in North America and was not driven away.Therefore, there is no such thing as selling heads to aid the United States.

However, with the rapid development of Dashun, it has set up a model for infrastructure construction and railway construction.

The failure of the reform of the Physiocratic School also made the Kerberites want to learn from Dashun: the people do not add taxes, develop infrastructure, do not take money from the old forces, and solve financial problems through development.

So, you have to ask for money.

If you want money, you have to "not add taxes to the people" and not touch the old interests.

Then history repeats itself, pension annuities, usury to collect capital.What can I do?

This brings us to the issue of "becoming a fool".

Indeed, including Liu Yu's original immigration from Fusang and the diversion of the Yellow River, the company that gathered capital was directly named "Bubble Company".

Looking at the name, it is a tribute to John Law's Mississippi bubble.

Promise high interest rates.

However, the bubble did not explode, because Fusang is really invaluable.

After that, Li Yanda's infrastructure followed the same routine.

Promise high returns.

Absorb capital.

It didn't fry in the end.

However, the bubble didn't explode because of...a bunch of factors mentioned earlier.

There is no shortage of labor in Dashun.

The private ownership of Dashun has long been established.

Dashun's external expansion created a soybean market.

The north of the Songliao Watershed in Dashun is suitable for growing soybeans.

As soon as the railway is completed, it immediately has the perfect conditions for "capitalism", and the land quickly becomes the means of production among the factors of capitalist production, rapidly increasing in value.

Therefore, the bubble did not explode in the end, and the principal and interest were repaid, which also led to a wave of rapid development of Dashun.

The problem lies precisely in these "conditions".

Dashun has them, but France doesn’t.

Just looking at Xi Shi holding her heart, everyone said, holding a heart is so beautiful.You also learn from Dong Shi, and you don’t even think about it. People say that it’s so beautiful to hold your heart?Or is the Shih Tzu so beautiful?
It is useless to hold the heart optically without making the face look like Xi Shi.On the contrary, it makes people laugh.

What is Liu Yu's set?
It is tantamount to selling the state-owned assets of gold and silver in North America at a low price to ensure that the bubble does not explode.

What is Li Yan's set?
It is equivalent to selling the [-] million mu of developable state-owned land north of the Songliao watershed at a low price, and repaying the interest and principal.

So what do you sell in France to keep the bubble from exploding and to pay back the interest and principal?
land?North American land?

Capitalism is a social relationship.

Under certain conditions, these lands can become capital; without this condition, these lands are just land, and they are not capital, so they do not have the value in the sense of capital.

Moreover, the railway thing, this will cause the Physiocrats to re-branch-doesn't this solve the transportation problem that the Physiocrats have been troublesome before?It not only facilitates free trade and grain export, but also facilitates the adjustment of grain prices to stabilize the situation in case of accidents?
To put it simply, the Colbert faction, after seeing Dashun's infrastructure construction, imitated it and started doing it crazily.

After it was done, the economy didn't pick up, and I owed a whole lot of debt.The high interest promised at the beginning will soon be repaid...

Isn't this bullshit? The 5.6 million loan is repaid at an annual interest rate of 10% or 13%. Do you have a gold mine in France?

Moreover, the most painful point is that... Necker got the statistical data, and there was a problem.

At the beginning, Liu Yu promoted vaccinia in Dashun, which made vaccinia spread and solved the smallpox problem.As a result, the average life expectancy of people around the world has increased by about three years - including the Americas.At that time, relying on more than 100 children, they used the help of children to make petri dishes to cross the Pacific Ocean with cowpox.

The stats that Necker got were before the fucking vaccinia promotion!
He engaged in loan financing for pension annuities, and the data calculated that the average life expectancy was reduced by three years.Anyone who knows a little bit about the insurance industry will know what it means for pension insurance if the average life expectancy is reduced by three years.

Definitely fried.

Furthermore, the situation and conditions of each country are different.

Not to mention France at this time.

Even later generations... many countries have borrowed money to build infrastructure, and not all of them have developed well. A lot of countries have not only failed to develop, but their countries have gone bankrupt, owe a lot of debt, and even run a deficit every year.

France was originally a standard first-mover country in history, but in the end it turned into usury imperialism.

Well, now, the market is squeezed by Dashun, and agriculture is crushed by North America. North America has land, but only 50 people immigrated [-] years ago, and after Dashun built the railway and finished Indian sugar and Japan, they just went there every year. There are no fewer than [-] million people running north of the Songliao watershed. Capitalism is a kind of social relationship. Where does no one come from?
local?There is no legal reform in the country, private ownership has not been clarified, and it is all troublesome to acquire a piece of land: it is hard to tell who owns the land.

Moreover, the farmers' right to pick ears and grazing rights attached to the land; the noble's right to raise pigeons and hunting rights, etc., these things are a lot of things to buy.Private ownership of land means that this land is mine, such as the right to glean ears, the right to graze, the right to raise pigeons, the right to hunt, etc...

At this time, no one in France clearly owns a piece of land.

From a legal point of view, including the king, including those nobles, in theory, they do not own a piece of land that clearly belongs to individuals in a legal sense.

Of course, it's not personal, and that's okay.

Clearly state-owned, that's fine.Differential land rent, the most radical capitalist land system handpicked by Ilyich.

The problem is, neither is state-owned.

The crux of the problem lies here.

In France, there is no "Code Napoleon" now.That is to say, private ownership and ownership are not determined.

The essence of private ownership is not "I have".

It's about "convenience to buy".

Private ownership, not mine.It is for the convenience of others to buy.

To be more clear: the railway in France has been repaired.However, the feudal system in France severely hampered the development of productive forces, and the feudal system must be overthrown in order for France's economy to develop.

In particular, the feudal law of the land.The feudal rights on the messy land, the nobles' and the peasants', are all feudal.Including, the right to pick ears and the right to graze are also feudal rights.

Private ownership is to smash all these old feudal rights, whether they are morally good or bad.What's mine is mine, and what's yours is yours.When capitalists want to buy, it's not that troublesome.

For example, if there is a Napoleonic Code now.

Once the railway is repaired, agriculture will be profitable.The capitalists have ten thousand ways to make the small farmers go bankrupt. When the time comes, the land will be mortgaged, the land will be acquired and merged, the property rights will be clear, and the merger will be guaranteed.

Do you owe money?This is not the feudal era. In the feudal era, if the land is not yours, the capitalists can’t take your land, because the land is not yours at all. You are probably a permanent tenant farmer, and you are not a self-cultivator at all in legal terms.You think you are, but you are not.

Now with the "Code Napoleon", you have the right to dispose of all your land, bring it to you.

Therefore, at this time, it was the French feudal land system that seriously hindered the development of French productivity.

And then, well, having said that, it goes without saying: a dead end.

The railway, in the current state of France at this time, did not play the role of an economic engine.

And the huge debt is about to explode.

At the same time, the Physiocratic School will come to power again and implement the Physiocratic economic policy, and the railway is more likely to become the fuse that exploded in France.

Everything has two sides.

Even when it comes to railways, this kind of technological progress that sounds like all benefits is not the case.

In Dashun, the railway from Beijing to Hankou is similar to the Grand Canal under strict control. Its main function is to transport troops, provide disaster relief, and stabilize food prices. It does not seek profit at all. It is just a tool for the imperial court to strengthen the old order with technology. .

In historical India, the railway was also known as the Road of Bones and the Road of Famine.This is not to say that it was caused by the death of people who built the railway. Compared with the Road of Bones and the Road of Famine, the number of people who died while building the railway is still worse.

Rather, because of the construction of the railway, the railway is like an artery, allowing commercial capital and colonial rule to flow rapidly along the railway.

Looting, forced purchase, forced cotton planting, forced cash crops, lending, and lowering prices... Comparing the repeated famines in India starting from the colonial era in history, you will clearly find this "famine distribution along the railway line" law.

The reason is the same.

The French Physiocrats have already fought several flour wars before.

What did the advent of the railway mean for the economic policy of the Physiocrats?
It means that once foreign food prices rise, with the help of the railway, France's second national large-scale flour war is about to break out.

Although it sounds weird, the fact is that the "social consciousness" of French farmers and the bottom is still the social consciousness of the feudal era, and does not have the social consciousness of the natural order of capitalism.

For example, seeing local grain being transported abroad, causing local grain prices to rise, they are likely to smash grain stores, warehouses, and capitalists.

In short, the French people this time are not good, and they still lack the morality under real private ownership: the morality under real private ownership should be that they feel that food is too expensive to buy, so they don’t eat it, and they can’t smash the food hoarded by others. .

It's other people's food, and you don't have the right to dispose of it. Let alone selling it out, it doesn't matter if you burn it.

Of course, there are two sides to things.

To put it better, the railway also means that the French government can stabilize food prices through national regulation and better transportation capacity when a famine occurs.

But this, it involves the question of the debate.

For example, in Alsace and Lorraine, food prices skyrocketed.Historically, during the 75-year Flour War, France gave subsidies and financial subsidies.

Then, giving subsidies, financial subsidies, and giving merchants a certain reward for each load of grain... Is this the natural order?
So, if the government can give food subsidies and rewards today, does it mean that you will interfere in the economy tomorrow and establish an absolute monarchy the day after tomorrow?

The people of Dashun may think that this is a disease of the brain, right?

But in Europe, no.

Do not mention the sects of Orthodox Catholicism, only Protestantism: Lutheran, Reformed, Reformed, Anglican, Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist, New Congregational, Old Congregational, Evangelical, Wesleyan, Methodist Congregational, Methodist, Evangelical, Evangelistic, Missionary, Charismatic, Pentecostal, Assemblies of God, Fundamentalist, Anabaptist, Mennonite, Quaker...

Whether to eat dough pancakes or to eat dead dough pancakes, you can get your brains out.

The Reformation wiped out one-third of Germany's population.

Without batting an eye, Calvin cooked up his friend.

So, what exactly is the natural order is no small matter.

Therefore, Dashun, the "Utopia", carried the coffin of Liu Yu, who invented the economic laws of natural order, to become the "pope" to define what natural order is and whether the state can interfere with food prices.

Anyway, Dashun doesn't sell grain.Let’s not forget about the natural order, and other things will naturally work.

Don't learn from east to west for a long time at that time, and people in France will gradually say "why not eat minced meat", then it will be troublesome.

(End of this chapter)