Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1091 Industrial Revolution ([-])

The British Industrial Revolution, the foundation of the Industrial Revolution, was the Agricultural Revolution that had taken place before the Industrial Revolution.

But there is no need for Dashun to learn this trick.

In other words, even if you want to learn, you have to figure out what it means, instead of asking for a sword.

Because the two situations are fundamentally different.

The British are very proud to say that after the enclosure and the Agricultural Revolution, the wheat yield per acre in the UK increased from the original 2.15 quarts per acre to 3.25 quarts.

What does this data mean?
One acre is equal to 6 acres of land.

A quarter, used as a unit of weight for wheat after the Norman Conquest, is 512 pounds, or about 450 catties.

Switching to easier-to-understand data, before the enclosure and the agricultural revolution, the yield per mu was 150 jin; after the enclosure and the agricultural revolution, it increased to 200 jin.But it has been 200 years since the statistics of 1800 jin.

This data is meaningless to Dashun.

Because the agricultural revolution in the purely technical sense had already been completed in the Western Han Dynasty.

The yield per mu is 150 jin, and it is still planted in a single season and the field must be fallow. Is this very high?

Looking at the essence through the phenomenon, for Dashun, the characteristic "agricultural revolution before the industrial revolution" of Dashun is to obtain an important commodity grain base, rather than to engage in a per-acre revolution.

Because in this era without chemical fertilizers, Dashun's yield per mu has reached its peak, and it cannot be raised any higher.

The important thing is to find a place where the whole family of the grower can only eat 30 mu of grain from 70 mu of land, and the remaining [-] mu will be used as a commodity and enter the market for circulation.

On the contrary, the imperial court was at a loss after the influx of silver, and would not return the tax in kind, but was convinced that money could buy food.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, some great Confucians believed that the system in the early Ming Dynasty was good, and believed that Zhang Juzheng’s whip method and silver currency ruined the ideological trend of the Ming Dynasty. In fact, they were at a loss after facing the real tax reform to currency tax, the development of the commodity economy, and the huge inflow of silver. When he is at a loss, he will spontaneously retrospect, and Dashun finally overcomes this bewilderment.

On the other hand, it makes it possible to grow economic crops and engage in industrial and commercial development in areas with developed industries and commerce, liberating them from the status of "land of fish and rice" and "half of rice" as a commodity grain base.

"Big grain-producing province" has never been a good word in the development of capitalism.For example, Henan, the three eastern provinces, and northern Jiangsu in later generations.

But it is also an indispensable and important part of the capitalist system.

Three mu of land per capita cannot produce commercial grain.Because farmers must first ensure that they are full, and then sell grain.I am full of sweet potatoes, but I still want to eat a white flour bun.

Only [-] mu or even [-] mu per capita can be used as a commercial grain base.Because a person who farms a hundred acres of land eats the same amount of food as a person who farms ten acres of land.

Dashun's characteristic "agricultural revolution before the industrial revolution" is to go to Nanyang and expand the Kanto.

For Britain, the Agricultural Revolution and the Enclosure Movement brought four benefits.

cheap labor.

Funding for industrial development.

Provide food for the town.

Expand the industrial product market.

Among them, the first two are the most important; the latter two are basically just making up the number.

The third item can rely on the re-serfdom of Eastern Europe, and the fourth item is that the local market cannot support the British industry at all.

However, for Dashun, the first two of these four benefits are useless.

Dashun has no shortage of cheap labor.There is no doubt about it.

In 1750, the customs export volume of the cotton textile industry, not the tariff amount but the total export value, was 4.6 pounds, equivalent to 15 taels of silver.Until 1780, the British Parliament issued a special decree to completely ban the import of Indian cotton cloth for 4 years. It was not just a tariff increase, but a comprehensive administrative ban—this is free trade.

In the 18th century, the biggest gap between China and the United Kingdom was that the United Kingdom could collect a tax of 13.5% of GNP; and before Liu Yu’s reform, Dashun could receive 14% of the GNP tax, not to mention 1.4% , is a problem.

No matter how poor Dashun was, the export volume of cotton textiles would not be as high as 15 taels of silver.

It is even more impossible to impose an administrative ban on Indian cotton cloth at this point in time.I can't afford to lose this man.

The emerging class in Dashun actually does not lack the funds needed for industrial development.Especially after Liu Yu destroyed Yangzhou and forced the capital to move south, there is no shortage.

On the contrary, the third and fourth items of little significance to Britain, that is, providing food for towns and expanding the market for industrial products, were the primary agricultural issues before the Industrial Revolution in Dashun.

Going to Nanyang, capital going to Kanto to enclose land, and Liu Yu's series of foundation building in the past [-] years are also solving this problem.

Rice plantations in Nanyang and soybean farms in Kanto have solved these two problems.

At least, the fragile men's farming and women's weaving economy in Northeast China and the extremely cold climate that cannot grow cotton provide a domestic market for light industrial products in southern Jiangsu.

Fortunately, the Northeast is cold in winter, but really hot in summer, with rain and heat at the same time.

The cold winter means that there is a large demand for cotton; the hot summer means that grain can be exchanged for cotton.

However, the rice plantations in Nanyang, the canals were abandoned, and the rice was transferred, which made southern Jiangsu escape from the fate of becoming a "big agricultural province".

At least at the court level, there is no need to worry about the food shortage of "changing rice into mulberry".

"Thanks" to the Dutch, who have been tossing in Nanyang for nearly 200 years, initially disintegrating the village economy in Nanyang, and opening up the market for Indian cotton cloth in Nanyang. Nanyang directly inherited the Indian cotton cloth market of Nanyang, and Jiangsu cloth replaced it.

However, in the vast land from Shanhaiguan to Heilongjiang, there are no conditions for men to farm and women to weave, and small-scale peasant economy.Dashun has provided Dashun with a vast light industrial product market of several million square kilometers, with sea transportation and winter highways-before the appearance of bearing and ball technology, the transport capacity of horse-drawn sledges with sliding friction was higher than that of wheels.

When all these are resolved, along with the comprehensive completion of Liu Yu's reform in Jiangsu in the five years of Weixin, the industrial revolution in Dashun will naturally appear.

Accompanied by the need to grow cotton and improve land in northern Jiangsu, the upstream and downstream development of chain industry chains was triggered, which is the industrial revolution.

In Nantong, about 8000 new iron-wheel flying shuttle looms are added every year, flowing into the surrounding villages in southern Jiangsu.At the same time, 5000 units will enter the handicraft workshops in the city.

In Northeast China, from Yingkou to Huanglongfu, dozens of large-scale oil mills, winemaking workshops, flour mills driven by steam engines, horse breeding, flax combing, tussah silk reeling, wood tar workshops, etc. River's business services development.

The iron smelting industry developed in Gyeonggi and Tianjin needs to provide more steel for these oil presses, steam engines, iron wheel looms, horse-drawn threshing machines, etc. every year; sailing boat.

In southern Jiangsu, more pedal spinning wheels, cotton gins, and carding machines should be produced for these cottons; more dock workers should be used to carry goods; more candle factories and soap factories should be established for the oil industry; Gradually developing cities and wealthy populations provide more glass windows; for these glass windows, more Glauber's salt is mined, or a larger sulfuric acid industry is established to provide raw materials for the primitive soda process.

In Xuzhou, it is necessary to provide more coal for Haizhou's salt drying field and southern Jiangsu's light industry, and to purchase more steam engines for coal mine drainage.

In Songjiang Prefecture, it is necessary to allocate capital, enrich funds, speculate and continue to invest in infrastructure for these gradually developing industries, such as the construction of the coal canal from Xuzhou to Haizhou and the construction of the horse-drawn railway.

In Nanyang, it is necessary to provide ship rope jute, canvas materials, cypress and teak for the shipbuilding industry that is in great demand; it is necessary to provide for the increasingly changing rice into mulberry, changing fields to grow cotton, improving living standards, and the rice needed by the capital in southern Jiangsu. Provide more rice plantations, sugarcane plantations.

In North Korea and Japan, the paper industry of Tosa and Pyongyang is one of the few industries that can compete with Dashun to provide paper produced by cheaper labor for the gradually increasing literacy rate in the developed areas of Dashun.

It should be said that they won Dashun in the paper industry.The price is that the sugarcane planting, cotton planting, Imari porcelain and silk manufacturing industries they tried to establish were completely wiped out by Dashun in its infancy.

In fact, any imaginings of direct mechanization of textiles, especially weaving, in China in the 18th century will be severely beaten by reality, and will be taught by the most powerful small-scale peasant economy in the world.

So as to deeply understand what is called "the mechanical textiles of the Hubei Manufacturing Bureau created by Zhang Zhidong can only sell cotton cloth at a price lower than the cost price, and it is almost bankrupt."

What is meant by "Only after the catastrophe, when the land is thousands of miles away and the land is barren, can it be possible to successfully improve cotton seeds and promote long-staple cotton."

And what is meant by "warm feelings and the tradition of muddy mud" Huainan land reclamation eventually slipped to the traditional tenancy system, which made the tenant farmers unwilling to grow long-staple cotton, because under the forced land rent system only straw belonged to them, so they cooked a meal for three days , transported the straw to Shanghai for sale——local cotton production is not good enough, the fiber length is not enough, but the straw is enough; long-staple cotton cannot be densely planted and mixed with by-products, and the by-products are not included in the scope of land rent”, so that it was improved until 1933 , the planting area of ​​long-staple cotton in Jiangsu has declined in an all-round way; 37.7% of households in Shanghai use cotton stalks for cooking and heating. Don't buy smaller coals.

Any fantasies about building a spinning jenny in China in the 18th century, or even fantasizing that this thing is the industrial revolution, will also be severely beaten by reality.

A deep understanding of the reason why the Manchester Act, which is known as the beginning of the British cotton textile industry, was passed is that "the cotton cloth of Manchester and Lancashire is not real cotton cloth, but a variant of traditional wool and linen textiles, because hemp yarn and cashmere must be used as Warp for enough strength, it’s not cotton so you can get around the cotton ban.”

And what is called "the yarn of the Jenny machine and the hydraulic spinning machine [also] can be used as a warp, but it cannot be used to weave plain weave".

The word [also] is very important, it doesn't matter to the British, but to Dashun, the word [also] is even the key to the whole sentence.

All these national conditions of the country made Dashun's budding capitalism and the industrial revolution cut off all the tenderness, and Liu Yu laid a ruthless hand.

Enclosed areas are enclosed lands, and tenant farmers within the scope of the enclosed areas will be wiped out, and tenants are not allowed to rent.

The smallholders who maliciously compensated the Huainan area with loans, went bankrupt and took over their land within five years. All the resistance was suppressed, and the heroes who took the lead in the resistance were shot or exiled. The participants were purchased as contract slaves and sent to the Northeast of Southeast Asia.It is even more impossible to let small farmers reclaim wasteland with mud.

For the Northeast, it is necessary to be a comprehensive economic vassal, increase soybean production, control the price of bean cakes, and let big capital use nutritious bean cakes to fertilize the fields - at this time, bean cakes are still a delicious nutrient for 90% of the people in the country - so as to ensure land enclosure The profit from growing cotton guides capital to enclose land and improve cotton seeds.

Let capital buy machines, capital go to the countryside, monopoly groups control cotton yarn, engage in a contract purchase system, realize the replacement of handlooms in rural Jiangsu, and realize capital's overall control and exploitation of the rural textile industry.

Completely destroy the prosperous city of Yangzhou for thousands of years, create chaos, and force capital to move south across the river and invest in the textile industry, infrastructure canal investment, northeast enclosure, and Nanyang plantations.

A comprehensive inventory of land, increased tax rates per mu, and lower grain prices have forced commercial capital to choose the model of "buying land and collecting rent"—either to invest in other industries, or to buy land to grow mulberry and cotton for business operations.

Violently suppressed Confucian scholars' petitions for "cheap grain hurts farmers", continued to implement tax credit policies for Nanyang rice and Liaodong wheat, encouraged imports, continued to lower grain prices in Jiangsu Province, and forced places where "Su Changshu, the world is full" to carry out agricultural transformation .

The landlord has also considered it, so if I don't charge rent in kind, can I just collect rent in currency?
However, their consideration made the magical story of "Overcharged by Three or Five Fights" staged ahead of schedule.

[Why did you sell out, you bloody ghost!I must stay at home and feed my wife and son.If I don't pay the rent, I'd rather go to court and let them lock me up! 】

[Pay rent and borrow new debt immediately.Borrowed a debt of four cents and five cents to pay the rent...]

[Tian Zhen is amazing! 】

[Refund the rent and run away.I think fleeing from famine is full of satisfaction. 】

[Fleeing famine, the debts are dead, and there is no need to settle the money, good plan, let's go together! 】

[Who will come out to be the head?There are a few minds among those fleeing famine, men and women, old and young, all obey the minds. 】

【In my opinion, going to Shanghai to work is not bad.Little Wang in our village, isn't he?Working in a factory in Shanghai, I heard that the monthly salary is 15 yuan. 15 yuan, according to today's price, is three tons of rice! 】

The difference lies in the latter paragraph: [What old calendar are you looking through from the next year!Shanghai...a lot of factories are closed, and Xiao Wang is working as a beggar there, don't you know? 】

[The road is cut off.For a moment everyone was silent. 】

However, at this time, many factories in Shanghai, plantations in Nanyang, and cotton fields in northern Jiangsu did not close their doors.

The road is not cut off, and there is no need for everyone to be silent.

Tenants, return the rent and flee to work.

Gentlemen, let’s manage the land and grow cash crops to pay the inescapable land tax. No rice, no tax in kind, only silver banknotes.

Owner farmers, let women receive looms and cotton yarn from subcontractors, and earn that labor wages.

As for the ending, it's similar:
[The old saying "cheap grain hurts farmers" has become a popular headline in urban newspapers. 】

[Landlords felt that rent collection was difficult, so they held meetings and sent telegrams to the effect that: the harvest is particularly abundant, grain is in surplus, and grain prices are low. 】

[The industry is silent.With the price of rice low, workers can be exempted from "rice stickers", which is to their advantage. 】

[Social scientists have published papers in various magazines, from the perspective of statistics and academic theory, the theory of food surplus is simply a joke. 】

[These are all things in the city, and the "folks" don't know at all... Some of them slipped away and quietly climbed into the fourth-class car bound for Shanghai...]

Dashun does not have a fourth-class car, but it has waterways extending in all directions.Boat after boat of Jiangsu tenants began to learn the concept of time: when to get up, when to go to work, when to eat, and when to leave work.

And what time is it.

There is also the accent of the Northeast outside the Guan, and Huaiyin, Wu dialect, and Yangzhou dialect gradually appeared.

For example, the group of people who are arguing about whether there is hemp thread in the restaurant of Sanjiangkou County, Huanglong Prefecture at this time.

(End of this chapter)